RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Arno Arnold
probably it was after 303. Arnobius was neither a clear thinker, nor a skilful writer (cf. Jerome, Epist.,\vni- 10). Where he tries to pose as philosopher, he betrays no deep study. His ideas conflict ' not seldom with Holy Scripture. Greek mythology he knows only from the " Preceptor " of Clement of Alexandria, and Roman mythology from the writings of Cornelius Labeo, whom he sometimes attacks. He had only a superficial knowledge of Christianity. His naive modalism is merely the expression of a very superstitious sentiment, and his notions concerning the origin, nature, and continuance of the soul have anything but a Christian-ecclesiastical color. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: Arnobius's work is in MPL, iv. and was ed. by A. Reifferscheid, in CSEL, iv., 1875; Eng. transl. in ANF, vi. 405-543. Bibliography is in ANF, Bibliography, pp. 76-77. Consult DCB, i. 167; K. B. Francke, Die Paychologie und Erkenntnislehre des Arnobius, Leipsic, 1878; W. Kahl, in Philologus, supplementary vol. v., Cornelius Labeo, 717-807, Gottingen, 1889; A. Ebert, Getchichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters im Abendland, i. 64-72, Leipsic, 1889; A. Rohricht, Die Seelenlehre des Arnofrius, Hamburg, 1893; idem, De Clemente Alexandrine- Arnobii in irridendo gentilium cultu auctore, Hamburg, 1893 C. Stange, De Arnobii oratione, Saargemund, 1893 Scharnagl, De Arnobii majoris latinitaie, Gorz, 1894-95 E. F. Schultze, Das Uebel in der Welt nach der Lehre des Arnobius, Jena, 1896; Kriiger, History, 304-306; P. Spindler, De Arnobii genere dicendi, Strasburg, 1901.
ARNOBIUS THE YOUNGER : Reputed author of certain writings, concerning which scholars are not agreed except that they belong to the fifth century. They include: (1) Commentarii in •psalmos, which are usually thought to be the work of a semi-Pelagian Gaul, though they may have been written in Rome; (2) Adnotationes ad qucedam eoangeliorum loca, which seems to have been used in the supposed gospel-commentary of Theophilus of Antioch (q.v.); (3) Arnobii catholici et Serafionis conflictus de Deo trino et uno ; (4) The so called Prcedestinatus, which may have been the work of this mysterious Arnobius (see Prcedestinatus). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: The works are in MPL, liii. Consult DCB, i. 170; T. Zahn, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Kanons, ii. 104-119, Erlangen, 1883; A. Harnack, in TV. i. 4, 152-153, Leipsic, 1883; S. Baumer, in Der Katholik, ii. (1887) 398-406; A. Engelbreeht, Patristische Analekten, pp. 97-99, Vienna, 1892; B. Grundl, in TQ, lxxix. (1897) 555-568; G. Morin, in Revue benedictine, xx., Maredsous, 1903; H, von Schubert, in TV, new ser., ix. 4, Leipsic, 1903.
ARNOLD OF BRESCIA.
Life to 1139 (§ 1). Political Activity in Rome (§3).
Banished from Italy (§ 2). Condemnation and Death (§ 4).
Arnold of Brescia, church reformer of the twelfth century, was born at Brescia, but the year is not known; he was executed at Rome 1155. At an early age he devoted himself to the priesthood. Like many young Italians of his time he studied in France and became a pupil of Abelard. His scientific culture is particularly praised, and Abelard's keen criticism of tradition helped no doubt to loosen the bonds which connected i. Life to Arnold with the existing church n39- authority. Some years later he appears again in his native city, having meanwhile been ordained priest . The Historia pontifaalis calls him canonicus regularis and abbas apud
Brixiam. The views to which he clung to his death were already fixed in his mind. The Church must resign worldly power and worldly possessions; priests, having worldly possessions, forfeit salvation; their necessary support they must obtain from the tithes, and the laity, who withheld from the priests what belonged to them, come in for a share of Arnold's criticism. His austere asceticism and powerful eloquence gained him great authority, which rendered his opposition formidable to Manfred, bishop of Brescia, and the latter accused him at a synod held in Rome in 1139. Arnold was banished from Italy and had to vow solemnly not to. return without papal permission.
A revolution now took place in Brescia, and the " evil-minded consuls, hypocritical and heretical men," were expelled from the city by the knighthood. Arnold meanwhile had gone to
France, where he assisted Abelard 2. Banished against Bernard of Clairvaux, and so from Italy, the condemnation passed by Innocent
II. in 1140 on Abelard concerned him likewise; they were to be separated and kept in monastic prisons. Arnold, however, remained unmolested for the time being, because of a conflict between the king and the curia. Bernard was at first against the king, but afterward he acted as mediator, and thus after a short time Arnold had to leave France. He went to Zurich, where he soon had a following. A letter of Bernard (exev.) to Bishop Herman of Constance [written 1140] caused his expulsion, but he soon found a safe refuge, for another letter of Bernard's (exevi.) to Cardinal Guido — probably the cardinaldeacon Guido who was active as papal legate in Bohemia and Moravia between 1142 and 1145 — received Arnold into his retinue and honored him with his society. Arnold returned to Italy shortly after the death of Innocent (1143), and Eugenius III. (1145-53) received the fugitive again into the communion of the Church after a promise to do penance.
Rome was at that time the theater of great struggles. Toward the end of the life of Innocent II. the community had created a senate and appointed a patrician in place of the city-prefect dependent on the pope. Eugenius escaped these unpleasant relations by going to France, and Arnold developed great public activity. He
attacked the cardinals, and even the
3. Political pope. A new element now comes out
Activity in in him according to the Historia
Rome. pontificalis, which makes him say
that those should not be tolerated who wish to enslave Rome, the mistress of the world, the source of liberty. He took up the idea of reclaiming for Rome her ancient powerful position in the world. He entered into close relations with the Roman community which had become a republic and had promised to protect him against every one. Eugenius sought to get possession of Rome by force of arms, and in their distress the Romans looked to King Conrad, who, however, had no thought of realizing their hopes, though he was in no position to help the pope in an effective manner. An agreement was made in
Arnold of Brescia Arnold, Thomas