RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Babylonia Bacher
Society, xxxii (1900), 75-96, 343-344, 551-552; E. Babe- Ion, La Langue sumerienne, in Annates de philosophic Chretienne, vii, 35-57, 171-189.
On the civilization and its influences consult: F. S. Peiser, Skizze der babylonischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1896; A. S. Palmer, Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs, , . . a Comparative Study of Gen. i-Ai, London, 1897; A. H. Sayce, Babylonian and Assyrian- Life and Customs, New York, 1899; I. M. Price, The Monuments and the O. T., Chicago, 1900; H. Zimmern, The Babylonian and the Hebrew Genesis, London, 1901; H. Winckler, Die babylonische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu unsrigen, Leipsic, 1902; H. Zimmern, Keilinschriften und Bibel, Berlin, 1903; F. Kiichler, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der . . Medizin, Leipsic, 1904; C. F. Lehmann, Bdbylonien's Kulturmission, ib. 1P05; W. St. C. Boscawen, Prehistoric Civilization of Babylonia, in Journal Anthropological Institute, vii, 21-36; and the literature in the " Babel-Bibel " controversy.
For the history books available are: C. Niebuhr, Die Chronologie . . 2000-700 vor Christus, Leipsic, 1896; H. Winckler, Die babylonische Kassitendynastie, ib. 1894; idem, Die politische Entwickelung Babyloniens und Assyriens, ib. 1900; F. Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Tradition, London, 1897; G. S. Goodspeed, History of Babylonians . . . , New York, 1902; H. Radau, Early Babylonian History, New York, 1900 (of the very highest value, based on first-hand study of texts); W. St. C. Boscawen, First of Empires, New York, 1905 (suggestive, but slovenly in its references); T. Friedrich, Altbabylonische Vrkunden aus Sippara, Leipsic, 1906 (fresh, instructive). Special subjects related to the history are treated in: J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Nabonidus, 4 parts, Leipsic, 1887- 89; C. F. Lehmann, Shamashshumukin, ib. 1892; B. Meissner, Beitrage zum althabylonischen Privatrecht, ib. 1893; H. Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, vi and viii, 2, ib 1899 (deal with Nebuchadrezzar); I. M. Price, Some Literary Remains of Rim-Sin (Arioch), c. 2285, Chicago, 1904; Nebuchadrezzar inscriptions are found in PSBA, x, 87-129, 358-368, and in Schrader, KB, iii, part 2, 10-45; Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, Selected Translations, New York, 1901, contains inscriptions of both Nebuchadrezzars, Nabupalidin, Nabopolassar, Nabonidus, the Synchronous History, the Babylonian chronicle, most of the epical fragments, magical and other texts, prayers, hymns, penitential psalms, laws, and proverbs.
On the Religion: A. Jeremias, Die babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode, Leipsic, 1887; idem, The Babylonian Conception of Heaven and Hell, in Ancient East, No. 4, London, 1902; H. Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen, Leipsic, 1885; idem, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der babylonischen Religion, 3 parts, ib. 1896— 1900; G. A. Barton, Semitic Ishtar Cult, in Hebraica, Apr.— July, 1893, Oct., 1893-Jan. 1894; J. A. Knudtzon, Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott, 2 vols., ib. 1893; L. W King, Babylonian Religion and Mythology, London, 1899; F. Hrozny, Sumerisch-babylonische Mythen von dem Gotte Nimrag (Ninib), Berlin, 1903; by far the best treatise on the religion is by Jastrow, in DB, Supplementary Volume, pp. 531-584. On Magic: A. Laurent, La Magie et la divination chez les Chaldeo-Assyriens, Paris, 1894; L. W King, Babylonian Magic and Sorcery, London, 1896; Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Babylon, vol. i, Text, vol. ii, Transl., ib. 1900; C. Fossey, La Magie Assyrienne, Paris, 1902. On the epics: P. Haupt, Babylonische Nimrodepos, 2 parts, Leipsic, 1884-91; M. Jastrow, A Fragment of the Babylonian " Dibarra " Epic, Philadelphia, 1891; A. Jeremias, Izdubar-Nimrod, Leipsic, 1891; P. Jensen, Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen, in KB, Berlin, 1900-01; idem, Das Gilgamesh-Epos in der Weltliteratur, vol. i, Strasburg, 1906; L. W. King, Seven Tablets of Creation . , London, 1902; B. Meissner, Ein Fragment des Gilgamosepos, Berlin, 1902.
BABYLONIAN EXILE: 1. Of the Hebrews. See Israel. 2. Of the popes. See Avignon.
BACCANARISTS. See Paccanari, Nicolo.
BACH, bflH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN: Musician; b. at Eisenach Mar. 21, 1685; d. at Leipsic July 28, 1750. He belonged to a family which through
several generations had distinguished itself by musical talent; lost his parents early, and had, from his fourteenth year, to provide for his own education. In 1703 he was appointed court-musician in Weimar; and in 1723, already one of the most celebrated musicians of the time, he was made cantor and director of church music at Leipsic. His celebrity during his lifetime he owed mainly to his skill as an organist and pianist; his compositions were not appreciated till a later age. They consist chiefly of church music, oratorios, masses, etc., for organ and orchestra, for instruments as well as for the human voice; after his death the manuscripts were divided among his sons, and remained unnoticed till the time of Mendelssohn. See Music, Sacred.
Bibliography: P. Spitta, Johann Sebastian Bach, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1873-80, Eng. transl., 3 vols., London, 1884-86; C. F. A. Williams, Bach, in Master Musicians series, New York, 1900; H. Barth, Johann Sebastian Bach, ein Lebensbild, Berlin, 1902; A. Pirro, Johann Sebastian Bach, the Organist, and his Works, from the French, New York, 1903; A. Schweitzer, J. S. Bach, le musicien poete, Leipsic, 1905; Philipp Wolfrum, Johann Sebastian Bach, Berlin, 1906.
BACH, JOSEPH: Roman Catholic; b. at Aislingen (22 m. n.w. of Augsburg), Bavaria, May 4, 1833; d. at Munich Sept. 22, 1901. He studied philosophy and theology in the University of Munich; became privat-docent there, 1865; professor extraordinary of theology, 1867; ordinary professor of philosophy of religion and pedagogics, and university preacher, 1872. He wrote: Die Siebenzahl der Sacramente (Regensburg, 1864); Meister Eckhart (Vienna, 1864); Propst Gerhoch von Reichersberg (1865); Die Dogmengeschichte des Mittelalters vom christologischen Standpunkte, oder die mittelalterliche Christologie vom 8. bis 16. Jahrhundert (2 vols., 1873-75); Joseph von Gorres (Freiburg, 1876); Des Albertus Magnus Verhdltniss zur Erkenntnisslehre der Griechen, Lateiner, Araber, und Juden (Vienna, 1881); Ueber das Verhdltniss deti Systeme de la Nature zur Wissenschaft der Gegenwart (Cologne, 1884); Der heilige Rock zu Trier (Frankfort, 1891); Die Trier er Heiligtumsfahrt im Jahre 1891 (Strasburg, 1892).
Bibliography: A. Schmid, Lebens-Bild des Joseph
Bach, Kempten, 1902.
BACHER, baH'er, WtLHELM: Hungarian Jewish Orientalist; b. at Lipto-Szent-Miklos (65 m. s.w. of Cracow), Hungary, Jan. 12, 1850. He was educated at the Evangelical Lyceum of Pressburg, and the universities of Budapest, Breslau, and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1870). He was graduated from the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau as rabbi in 1876 and was appointed to the rabbinate of Szegedin. In the following year, however, the Hungarian government chose him to be one of the professors of the new Landesrabbinerschule at Budapest, where he has since taught on a great variety of subjects. In 1878 he was a field-chaplain in the Austro-Hungarian army of occupation in Bosnia. Seven years later he was appointed director of the Talmud Torah school in Budapest, an institution with which he is still connected. In 1894 he was one of the founders of the Jewish literary society Izraelita Magyar Jrodami Tdrsulat, of which
Bachiariua Bacon