THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
to inferences as to principles. If Bacon was an atheist, as some claim, his writings are certainly not atheistic. He must, in that case, have been a hypocrite in order to be a flatterer, and, if a flatterer, a most foolish one. Yet the inductive method has given natural theology the facts which point most significantly to God.
Bibliography: Bacon's religious works are thus enumerated by Prof. Thomas Fowler: (1) the Mcditationes sacra; (published with the Essays, 1597): (2) A Confession of Faith (written before 1603, published 1648); (3) a Translation of Certain Psalms into English Verse (composed during a fit of sickness 1624, published 1625); (4) three prayers, The Student's Prayer, The Writer's Prayer, and a third composed during his troubles (1621). The most complete and best edition of Bacon's Works is by J. Spcdding, R. L. Ellis, and D. D. Heath, 7 vols., London, 1857- 59, new ed., 1S70, which is supplemented by Spedding's Letters and Life, 7 vols., 1861-74; abridged ed., 2 vols., 1S7S. Of numerous editions of special works, mention may be made of The Advancement of Learning by W. Aldis Wright, 4th ed., Oxford, 1891; the Essays by Archbishop Whately, London, 1856, 6th ed., 1864; by W. Aldis Wright, Cambridge, 1862; and by E. A. Abbott, 2 vols., London, 1876; and the Novum organum, translation and text by G. W. Kitchin, Oxford, 1855; text with introduction, notes, etc., by Thomas Fowler, 2d ed., ib. 1889. For the life of Bacon and criticism, consult Macaulay's famous essay (handy ed., by Longmans, 1904), which, however, is considered incorrect and unfair; Thomas Fowler, Francis Bacon, in the series of English Philosophers, London, 1881; idem, in DNB, ii, 328- 360 (the best summary); R. W. Church, in the English Men of Letters, London, 1884; E. A. Abbott, Francis Bacon: Account of his Life and Works, ib. 1885; J. Nichol, Francis Bacon, his Life and Philosophy, ? vols., ib. 1888-89, reissued, 1901.
BACON, LEONARD: Congregationalist; b. in Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802; d. in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 24, 1881. He was graduated at Yale in 1S20, studied theology at Andover, became pastor of the First (Center) Church in New Haven in 1825, and retained his connection with the church during his life, after 1866 as pastor emeritus. He was instructor in revealed religion in the Yale Divinity School, 1866-71, and lecturer on church polity and American church history, 1871 till his death. He was one of the founders and early editors of The New Englander (1843) and of The New York Independent (1848). His published books include a life and selections from the works of Richard Baxter (2 vols., New Haven, 1830); Thirteen Historical Discourses on the Completion of Two Hundred Years from the Beginning of the First Church in New Haven (1839); Slavery Discussed in Occasional Essays from 1833 to 18Jfi (New York, 1846); The Genesis of the New England Churches (1874). He possessed a marked individuality of character and was an able and influential leader in his denomination. He was prominent in the slavery contest, and was a prolific writer and frequent speaker upon all topics of social and political reform.
BACON, LEONARD WOOLSEY: Congregationalist; b. at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 1, 1830; d. at Assonet, Mass., May 12, 1907. He was educated at Yale (B.A., 1850); he studied theology at Andover and Yale (1854), and medicine at Yale (M.D., 1855). He was pastor of St. Peter's Presbyterian Church, Rochester, N. Y., in 1856-57 and of the Congregational Church at Litchfield, Conn., in 1857-60. He
was missionary at large for Connecticut in 1861-62, and then held successive pastorates at Stamford, Conn. (1863-65), Brooklyn, N. Y. (1865-70), and Baltimore, Md. (1871-72). From 1872 to 1877 he was in Europe, and after his return to the United States was pastor at Norwich, Conn. (1878-82). Philadelphia (1883-86), and Augusta, Ga. (1886- 88). Since 1901 he has been pastor of the Congregational Church at Assonet, Mass. He has edited Congregational Hymn and Tune Book (New Haven. 1857); The Book of Worship (New York, 1865): The Life, Speeches, and Discourses of Father Hyacinthe (1872); The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to their Original Melodies, with an English Version (1883); and The Church Book : Hymns and Tuna (1883). He has also written The Vatican Council (New York, 1872); Church Papers: Essays on Subjects Ecclesiastical and Social (1876); The Simplicity that Is in Christ (1885); Irenics and Polemics (1898); History of American Christianity (1898): and Story of the Congregationalists (1904).
BACON (BACO), ROGER: The famous Franciscan theologian, called doctor mirabilis ; b. at oi near Ilchester (31 m. s. of Bristol), Somersetshire, 1214; d. at Oxford June 11, 1294. He studied first at Oxford, then at Paris, where he took the degree of doctor of holy scripture in 1248 and joined the order of St. Francis, — probably immediately after receiving his degree. In taking this step, he followed, it is said, the advice of the famous bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste (q.v.); but it is more probable that his countryman Adam ol Marsh (de Marisco) from Bath, himself a Franciscan and professor of philosophy at Oxford (d. about 1260), induced him to join that order (cf. J. Felten, Robert Grosseteste, Freiburg, 1887, 94 sqq.). Bacon now taught in Oxford and Paris, though it can not be stated how long he stayed in either place.
On account of his deep insight into the realm ol natural science, which was then little known, and because of the astonishing effects which his physical experiments produced upon pupils and other contemporaries, he was suspected of being a " magician " and astrologer, busying himself with illicit arts. Some accidental remarks of his on the influence of the stars upon human destiny may have furnished occasion for this surmise. There is no doubt that he was himself the scholar of whom he narrates that he was fined for making a burningglass (Op. maj., iii, 116). The many vexations which he experienced, especially at Suspected the hands of the friars, induced him to and Perse- write to Pope Clement IV (formerly cuted as a Guido Foulques), who as cardinal- ; Magician, legate in France and England had shown a friendly disposition toward him. Clement answered from Viterbo (Aug. 22, 1266) in a kindly manner, and requested Bacon to send some of his works. Accordingly he sent his Opus majus to Rome, and between 1266 and 1268 also the Opus minus and Opus tertium. A pupil of Bacon, the London magister John, seems to have taken, an important part at that time in interpreting tlipse works to the pope, and probably also produced and explained some instruments made by