BADEN (IN BADEN), CONFERENCE OF, 1589.
See Pistorius.
BADER, ba'der, JOHANN: Leader of the Reformation at Landau in the Palatinate (18 m. n.w. of Carlsruhe); b., probably, at Zweibrticken (50 m. w. of Speyer), Rhenish Bavaria, about 1470; d. at Landau shortly before Aug. 16, 1545. Of his early years almost nothing is known. He seems to have studied at Heidelberg in 1486 and succeeding years and then appears as chaplain in Zweibriicken, where he was also tutor to Duke Ludwig (b. 1502). In 1518 Bader was called as minister to Landau, where he labored till his death. From 1522 he openly opposed Roman abuses and especially auricular confession. Called to appear before the spiritual court at Speyer, he followed the summons and, after many proceedings, was bidden, July 17, 1523, to preach in future the holy gospel only and to obey the imperial mandates. As he believed that he had been preaching the pure gospel, he did not feel called upon to change his former manner, and, upheld by the confidence of his congregation, he opposed the teachings of the Church the more, and openly attacked the doctrine of purgatory, mass for the dead, invocation of the saints, monastic vows, and fasts. For this he was again summoned to Speyer, Mar. 10, 1524. His proposal, to prove his teachings from the New Testament, was rejected, and he was excommunicated. Not in the least intimidated, he appealed to a future council, published his appeal with all the documents, and, supported by the city-council, steadfastly continued his reformatory work. He devoted great care to the instruction of the youth,
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Baden Bag-shawe
and assembled the " young people " of the city and instructed them in the Christian faith. About Easter, 1526, he published his Gesprdchsbuchlein, which may be regarded as the oldest evangelical catechism. In this he gives an exposition of the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' Creed, the doctrine of baptism, and the ten commandments. In 1527 he opposed the Anabaptists, but afterward he was strongly influenced by Schwenckfeld, as appears especially in his Katechismus published in 1544, a new edition of his earlier work, containing a treatment of the Lord's Supper not found in the Gesprdchsbuchlein. He states that where the principal requisite for a true celebration of the Lord's Supper — a church of true believers — is lacking, it is better not to celebrate. And indeed, after 1541, Bader could no more be induced to celebrate the Lord's Supper at Landau, because he did not regard the congregation there as sufficiently holy.
Julius Ney.
Bibliography: J. P. Gelbert, Magister Johann Baders Leben und Schriften, Neustadt, 1868. For a full account of the debate on infant baptism at Landau, Jan. 20, 1527, between Hans Denk and Bader, cf. Bader's Briiderliche Warnung 1ur den newen Abgottischen Orden der Widertauffer (1527), of which copies are to be found in Munich and in the library of the University of Rochester. Bader strongly opposed Denk at the time, but later he adopted most of his views; cf. L.Keller, Ein Apostel der Wiedertiiujer, pp. 196-200, Leipsic, 1S82.
BAENTSCH, bentsh, BRUNO JOHANNES LEO- POLD: German Lutheran; b. at Halle Mar. 25, 1859. He was educated at the gymnasium and university of his native city, and held successive pastorates at Rothenburg on the Saale (1886-88) and Erfurt (1888-93). In 1893 he became privatdocent of Old Testament science at the University of Jena, where he was appointed associate professor in 1899 and full professor two years later. In theology he is an adherent of the historico-critical school. He has been a member of the Konigliche Akademie gemeinnutziger Wissenschaften since 1891, and has written Das Bundesbuch, Ex. xx, 22-xxiii, S3 (Halle, 1892); Die moderne Bibelkritik und die Autoritat des Gotteswortes (Erfurt, 1892); Das Heiligkeitsgesetz, Lev. xvii-xxvi, eine historischkritische Untersuchung (1893); Geschichtsconstructwn oder Wissenschaft? (Halle, 1896) ; Die Biicher Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri ubersetzt und erklart (2 vols., Gottingen, 1900-03); H. St. Chamberlains Vorstellungen uber die Religion der Semiten (Langensalza, 1905); and Altorientalischer und israelitischer Monotheismus (Tubingen, 1906).
BAERWINKEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM RICH- ARD: German Lutheran; b. at Dallmin (a village near Perleberg, 77 m. n.w. of Berlin) July 3, 1840. He was educated at the universities of Bonn and Halle from 1859 to 1862 (Ph.D., Jena, 1864), and after passing his theological examinations in 1862 and 1865, being at the same time a private tutor, was a teacher in a real-school in Halle from 1863 to 1868. Since the latter year he has been pastor of the Reglerkirche in Erfurt, where he is also superintendent and senior of the ■Evangelical Ministerium, as well as a member of the local academy of sciences since 1891, being likewise a member of its senate since 1905. He has
been, moreover, a member of the governing board of the Evangelischer Bund since its establishment in 1886, and is a member of the synodical council of the Prussian General Synod, besides being president of several ecclesiastical committees. He is a mediating theologian, and an advocate of the " modern theology of the ancient faith." He has written Luther in Erfurt (Erfurt, 1868); Ueber den religiosen Wert von Reuter's " Ut min Stromtid " (1876); and Im Garten Gottes (1900), as well as many briefer pamphlets, particularly in the Flugschriften des evangelischen Bundes.
BAETHGEN, beth'gen, FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF: Protestant theologian; b. at Lachem (a village near Hameln, 25 m. s.w. of Hanover) Jan. 16, 1849; d. at Rohrbach (a village near Heidelberg) Sept. 6, 1905. He studied at Gottingen and Kiel, and served in the German army in the war against France, 1870-71. He was in Russia, 1873-76; in Berlin, 1876-77, and in the British Museum, 1878. He became privat-docent at Kiel in 1878, and associate professor of theology in 1884. From 1881 to 1884 he was also adjunctus ministerii in Kiel. In 1888 he was called to Halle in the same capacity, but in the following year was appointed regular professor of theology at Greifswald, where he also became counselor and member of the Pomeranian consistory. In 1895 he was called to Berlin. He was the author of Untersuchungen uber die Psalmen nach der Peschita (Kiel, 1878); Sindban oder die sieben weisen Meister (Leipsic, 1879); Syrische Grammatik des Mar Elias von Tirhan herausgegeben und ubersetzt (1880); Anmuth und Wiirde in der alttestamentlichen Poesie (Kiel, 1880, a lecture); Fragmente syrischer und arabischer Historiker herausgegeben und ubersetzt (Leipsic, 1884); Evangelienfragmente : der griechische Text des Cureton'schen Syrers wiederhergestellt (1885); Beitrdge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte : der Gott Israels und die Gotter der Heiden (Berlin, 18881; Die Psalmen, ubersetzt und erklart (Gottingen, 1897); and Hiob ubersetzt (1898); in addition to preparing the second edition of Riehm's Handworterbuch des biblischen Altertums (2 vols., Bielefeld, 1893-94).
BAGSHAWE, EDWARD GILPIN: Roman Catholic titular archbishop of Seleucia Trachea; b. at London Jan. 12, 1829. He was educated at London University College School and at St. Mary's College, Oscott, near Birmingham (B.A., London University, 1848). In 1849 he joined the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, London, and in 1852 was ordained priest by Cardinal Wiseman. After a priesthood of twenty years he was consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Nottingham by Archbishop Manning (Nov. 12, 1874), but resigned in 1901. In the following year he was appointed titular bishop of Hypaepa, and in 1904 was elevated to the titular archdiocese of Seleucia Trachea. In addition to a number of briefer pamphlets, he has written Notes on Christian Doctrine (London, 1896; originally a series of lectures delivered before the Hammersmith Training College for Teachers); The Breviary Hymns and Missal Sequences in English Verse (1900); The Psalms and
Bahrdt Baird