THE NEW SCIIAFF-HEEZOG
enlarged 1037. with an introduction by Richard Sibbs) is divided into two parts, the first showing the nature, and the second the life of faith. It is an exceedingly valuable and complete discussion. But his chief work was published after his death by his friend Simeon Ashe, with an introduction signed by five Westminster divines, entitled A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (1645). This is of great importance as exhibiting that view of the covenants which found expression in the Westminster symbols. Important also is A tryall of the New-Church way in Xew England and in Old (1644). According to Thomas Blake, " his purpose was to speak on this subject of the covenant all that he had to say in all the whole body of divinity. That which he hath left behind gives us a taste of it." In this he anticipated Cocceius and the Dutch Federal Theology, but his view of the covenants is somewhat different from theirs. Simeon Ashe also issued several other works of Ball of a practical and controversial character.
C. A. Briggs.
Bibliography: A. a Wood, Aihence Oxonienses, ii, 670, ed. P. Bliss, 4 vols., London, 1813-20; DNB, iii, 74-75.
BALLANCHE, ba"lohsh', PIERRE SIMON: French theocratic philosopher of the Restoration, an intimate member of the circle which gathered around Chateaubriand and Madame Recamier; b. at Lyons Aug. 4, 1776; d. in Paris Aug. 7, 1847. His great work, the Palingcncsie sociale (Paris, 1830), is an attempt to construct the philosophy of history on the basis of revelation; only the first of three parts projected was completed; a fragment of the third part, the Vision d'Hebal (1841), attempts in a vague way to predict the future. Ballanche's thought was unsystematic and his style obscure. He was elected to the Academy in 1841. A collected edition of his works was begun in 1830, but only four volumes of the nine planned appeared.
Bibliography: Sainte Beuve, Portraits contemporains, vol. ii, Paris, 1846; J. J. Amp&re, P. Ballanche, Paris, 1S4S; G. Frainnet, Essai sur la philosophie de P. S. Ballanche, Paris, 1902.
BALLANTINE, bal'on-tain, WILLIAM GAY:
Congregationalist; b. at Washington, D. C, Dec. 7, 1848. He was graduated at Marietta College, Marietta, O. (1868), and Union Theological Seminary (1872). He studied at Leipsic in 1872-73, and in the following year was a member of the American Palestine Exploring Expedition. He was then successively professor of chemistry and natural science in Ripon College (1874-76), assistant professor of Greek in the University of Indiana (1876-78), professor of Greek and Hebrew in the same institution (1878-81), and professor of Old Testament language and literature in Oberlin Theological Seminary (1881-91). From 1891 to 1896 he was president of the latter institution, but resigned and studied in Greece until in 1897 he was appointed instructor in Bible at the International Y. M. C. A. Training School, Springfield, Mass. He was an editor of the Bibliothcca Sacra in 1884—91, and has written Philippians, the Model Letter (New York, 1898); Christ in the Gospel of Mark (1898); Inductive Bible Studies,
Mark and Acts (1898); Luke and John (1899); and Matthew (1900).
BALLARD, ADDISON: Congregationalist; b. at Framingham, Mass., Oct. 18, 1S22. He was educated at Williams College (B.A., 1842), and was successively principal of Hopkins Academy, Hadley, Mass. (1842—43), tutor in Williams College (1843-44), and principal of the academy at Grand Rapids, Mich. (1845-46). In 1846-47 he was a home missionary in Grand River Valley, Mich., and was then professor of Latin in Ohio University (1848-54), professor of rhetoric in Williams College (1854-55), and professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy at Marietta College (1855-57). He has held successive pastorates at the First Congregational Church, Williamstown, Mass. (1857-65), the Congregational Church at North Adams, Mass. (1865-66; stated supply), and the First Congregational Church, Detroit, Mich. (1866-72). He was professor of Christian Greek and Latin and of moral philosophy and rhetoric at Lafayette College in 1874—93, and of logic in New York University from 1894 to 1904. He is an honorary member of the London Society of Science, Letters, and Art, and in theology is an advocate of the doctrine of justification by faith. He has written Arrows, or the True Aim in Teaching and Study (Syracuse, N. Y., 1890); From Talk to Text (New York, 1904); Through the Sieve (1907).
BALLE, balle, NICOLAI EDINGER: Bishop of Zealand; b. at Vestenskov, near Nakskov (on the w. coast of the island of Laaland, SO m. s.w. of Copenhagen), Denmark, Oct. 12, 1744; d. in Copenhagen Oct. 19, 1816. He studied at Copenhagen, Leipsic, Halle, and Gottingen; in 1770-71 he gave lectures at Copenhagen on church history and philology, and then accepted a pastorate in the bishopric of Aalborg; in 1772 he returned to the university, was made court preacher and doctor of theology in 1774, first professor of theology in 1777, assistant to Bishop Harboe of Zealand in 1782, and finally his successor in 1783; he resigned as bishop in 1808. Balle lectured and wrote on almost all theological branches, but church history was his specialty, and in 1790 he published a Ilistoria ecclesiw Christiana: , reaching to the Reformation. His Theses theologici (1776), the last work on dogmatics written in Denmark in the Latin tongue, was used at the universities of Kiel and Wittenberg. He opposed rationalism and freethinking, and when the candidate Otto Horrebow started a publication, Jesus og Fornuften (" Jesus and Reason "), Balle replied with Biblen forsvarer sig selv (" The Bible Defending Itself "). He introduced weekly Bible readings in the capital, advocated the public school, and believed in special training for teachers. In 1791 he published a primer, which contains supranaturalistic as well as rationalizing views, and in 1798 a new hymnbook. Both these works served their time, but were finally superseded on the revival of Christian and church life in Denmark. Balle' s position among the bishops of Denmark is an important and honorable one. In recognition of his labors,