RELIGIOUS EXCYCLOPEDIA
Ballanche Balmes
the citizens of Denmark presented to him in 179s a gold medal with the inscription: " To the friend of religion, to the friend of the State, Matt, x, 32." The pastors of Zealand erected a monument over his grave, and a bas-relief in the garrison church where he explained the Bible represents him with the Bible in his hand. (F Nielsen.)
Bibliography: L. Koch, Bishop N. E. Balle, Copenhagen, 1S76; F. Nielsen, Bidrag til den evangelisk-kristelige Psalmebogs Historie, ib. 1895.
BALLERINI, baT'la-ri'ni, PIETRO and GIRO- LAMO: Brothers, of Verona, distinguished by their joint labors in church history and canon law; b., the former, Sept. 7, 1698, the latter, Jan. 29^ 1702; d., Pietro, Mar. 28, 1769, Girolarno, Apr. 23, 1781. Both were educated in the Jesuits' school in Verona and became secular priests. Pietro for a time was at the head of the Accademia delle belle lettere in Verona and spent eighteen months in Rome (1748-50) as counselor to the Venetian ambassador there, during which time he made good use of exceptional opportunities for investigation. Both brothers devoted the greater part of their lives to studies in common and produced, with other works, editions of the Sermones of St. Zeno of Verona (Verona, 1739; in MPL, xi); of the Summa tlieologica of St. Antoninus of Florence (4 vols., Verona, 1740); of the Summa de pcenitentia of St. Raymond of Pennaforte (1744); of the Opera of Pope Leo the Great (3 vols., Venice, 1753-57; ill PL, liv-lvi), one of the most important pieces of editorial work of the eighteenth century, with an appendix on the collections of canons before Gratian; and of the Opera of Ratherius, Bishop of Verona (Verona, 1765; MPL, cxxxvi). Pietro also participated in literary controversies of his time and defended the absolute papacy with learning and zeal. His two last works, De potestate ecclesiastica sanctorum pontificum et conciliorum generahum contra opus J Febronii (1765) and
De vi ac ratione primatus pontificum, (1766), have been edited by E. W. Westhoff (Minister, 1845- 47), and an appendix to the former on papal infallibility was translated into German by A. J. Binterim (Dusseldorf, 1843). K. Benrath.
Bibliography: G. M. Mazzuchelli, Gli Scrittori d'ltalia, vol u, part 1, 178-185, 6 parts, Brescia, 1753-65; L. Federici, blogi istonci de' piu illustri ecclesiastici Veronesi, iii 69- 120, Verona, 1819.
BALLOU, ba-lu', HOSEA: American Universahst; b. at Richmond, N. H., Apr. 30, 1771; d. at Boston June 7, 1852. He was the son of a poor Baptist minister and had to struggle for an education; began to preach at the age of twenty, and was ordained at the Universalist convention of 1794; settled at Dana (then called Hardwick), Mass., the same year; removed in 1803 to Barnard, Vt., in 1809 to Portsmouth, N. H., in 1815 to Salem, Mass., and in 1818 to Boston, where he took charge of the Second (School Street) Universalist Society. In 1819 he assisted in founding and became editor of the Universalist Magazine (later called The Trumpet, The Universalist, and The Christian Leader), the first Universalist newspaper in America; in 1831, of The Universalist Expositor (afterward The Universalist Quarterly Review).
He wrote Xotes on the Parables (Randolph, Vt,. 1^04); A Treatise on the Atonement (IS05); Examination of the Doctrine of Future Retribution (Boston, 1834); and several volumes of sermons.
BiBLioGKAPHv: M. M. Ballou. Life Story of Hose'a Ballou, lor the Young Boston, 1S54; T. Whittemore, Life of Hosea Ballou. 2 vols., lb. 1S54; O. F. Safford, Hosea Ballou; a Marvellous Lije Story, ib. 1SS9.
BALLOU, HOSEA, 2d: American Universalist, grand-nephew of Hosea Ballou; b. at Guilford, Vt., Oct. IS, 1796; d. at Somerville, Mass., May 27, 1S61. He assisted his uncle in schoolteaching at Portsmouth; was first settled as pastor at Stafford, Conn., in 1821 was called to Roxbury, Mass., and in 1S3S to Medford; in 1853 became first president of Tufts College. He helped the elder Hosea Ballou as editor of denominational periodicals and wrote The Ancient History of Universalism (Boston, 1S29).
Bibliography: H. S. Ballou, Hosea Ballou 2d. first President of Tufts College; his Origin, Life, and Letters, Boston 1S96. '
BALM: The rendering in both English versions of the Hebrew eori (Gen. xxxvii, 25 and xliii, 11, where R. V has " mastic " in the margin; Jer. viii' 22; xlvi, 11; li, 8; Ezek. xxvii, 17). An important product of Palestine, particularly of the East- Jordan country, is evidently referred to, and the transparent, yellowish-white, fragrant gum of the mastic-tree (Pistacia lentiscus, L) is probably meant. Pliny mentions the Judean mastic (Hist, nat., xiv, 122 sqq.). The substance was prized by the ancients as a medicine (Pliny, xxiv, 32 sqq.). The identification of eori with balsam by Jewish tradition is not correct; such a tropical or subtropical product would hardly be found on the mountains of Gilead. In Song of Sol. v, 1, basam may be the true balsam (so R. V., margin; text and A. V., " spice "; cf. " bed of spices," v, 13; vi, 2). It grew in the Ghor, and the balsam gardens of Jericho were famous (Josephus, Ant., IX, i, 2; XIV, iv, 1, and many others). Pompey is said to have carried it thence to Rome, and Josephus thought the Queen of Sheba brought it to Palestine (Ant., VIII, vi, 6; cf. I Kings x, 10). There are several varieties, of which the chief is the Amyris Gileadensis, L, the true Arabian or Mecca balsam. It is a low, berry-producing tree, with small blossoms, and imparipinnate leaves. The balsam exudes from the ends of the twigs. Myrrh also belongs to the balsamodendra and probably bdellium; see Myrrh; BdelliuiIi. I. Benzlnger.
BALMES, bol"mes', JAIME (LUCIANO) . Spanish politico-religious writer; b. at Vich (37 m. n.n.e. of Barcelona), Catalonia, Aug. 28, 1810; d. there July 9, 1848. He studied at his native place and at the University of Cervera, and was ordained priest 1833; became teacher of mathematics at Vich 1837. After 1840 he acted as associate editor of La Civilizacion and sole editor of La Sociedad, journals of Barcelona, in which he had opportunity to express his political views; visited France and England 1842, and after returning to Spain settled in Madrid, where from Feb., 1844, to Dec. 31, 1846, he published El Pensamiento
Balogrh „ Baltimore Councils