THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
de la Xacion in the interest of the Catholic party. He hailed the accession of Pius IX and the last thing he published was a brilliant work in his praise (Pio IX, Madrid, 1847). He gained his greatest fame by his Protestant ismo comparado con el Catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilization europea (4 vols., Barcelona, 1S42-44; Eng. transl., from the French, by C. J. Hanford and R. Kershaw, Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe, London, 1S49; 31st American edition, Baltimore, 1899), a work modeled on Guizot's History of Civilization, and an able presentation from the Roman Catholic point of tow. He also wrote La Religion demostrada al alcance de los niiws (Barcelona, 1841, Eng. transl., by Canon Galton, The Foundations of Religion Explained, London, 1858); Cartas d un esceptico en materia de religion (Madrid, 1845; Eng. transl., by W M'Donald, Letters to a Skeptic on Religious Matters, Dublin, 1875); El Criterio (Madrid, 1845; Eng. transl., Criterion : or how to detect error and arrive at truth, New York, 1875); Filosofia fundamental (4 vols., Barcelona, 1846; Eng. transl., by H. F Brownson, 2 vols., New York, 1856); Curso de Filosofia elemental (4 vols., Madrid, 1847). He published a collected edition of his political writings at Madrid, 1847
Bibliography: B. Garcia de los Santos, Vida de Balmcs, estracto y analisis de sus obras, Madrid, 1848; A. de Blanche- Raffin, Jacques Balmes, sa vie et ses ouvrages, Paris, 1849.
BALOGH, FERENCZ: Hungarian Reformed; b. at Xagy Varad (140 m. s.e. of Budapest) Mar. 28, 1836. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native city and at the Reformed theological seminary of Debreczin (1854-58), where he remained nine years in various capacities. He visited Paris, London, and Edinburgh for the purpose of further study in 1863-65, and in 1866 was appointed professor of church history in the Reformed theological seminary of Debreczin, where he has since remained and of which he has been rector five times. He has been an elder in the session of the Reformed Church since 1860, and an ecclesiastical councilor for life in the Transtibiscan superintendency of the same religious denomination since 1883. He was a delegate of the Hungarian Reformed Church to the general councils of the Presbyterian Alliance at Edinburgh (1877) and London (1888), and was a member of the national synod of Debreczin in 1881-82. He has been a member of the committee of the Hungarian Protestant Literary Society since 1890, and an honorary member of the British and Foreign Bible Society since 1904. In theology he is a strict adherent of the Helvetic Confession. His numerous works include the following in Hungarian : " Peter Melius, the Hungarian Calvin " (Debreczin, 1866); " History of the Hungarian Protestant Church" (1872); "General Church History to the Present Time" (5 vols., 1872-90); " History of Dogma up to the Reformation " (1877); "Principal Points of Modern Theology" (1877), a polemic against the German Evangelical Union; " Literature of Hungarian Protestant Church History " (1879); " Specific Illustrations of the most Recent Unitarian History" (1892); " Phenomena of the History of Dogma in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries " (1894); and " History of the Reformed College of Debreczin " (1905). He likewise wrote in English History of the Creeds, which appeared in the Report of the Proceedings of the Presbyterian Alliance (Philadelphia, 1880), and is the author of numerous minor contributions in Hungarian, French, and German, while in 1875 he founded at Debreczin the Hungarian weekly " Evangelical Protestant Gazette," which he conducted for three years in a successful crusade against the Budapest " Protestant Union."
BALSAM. See Balm.
BALSAMON, bol'sa-men, THEODOROS: Greek writer on church law; b. in Constantinople; d. there about 1200. He was chosen patriarch of Antioch in 1193, but, as the patriarchate was in the hands of the Latins, remained in Constantinople. The most important of his writings is the commentary on the Nomocanon and Syntagma of Photius, in which he helped to make general the view that in matters of the Greek canon law, not the Justinian compilation, but the Basilica were authoritative. Balsamon's " Answers " to the patriarch Mark of Alexandria and his eight " Dissertations " (Gk. meletai) are of great importance for the canon law of the Greeks. Philipp Meyer.
Bibliography: The best edition of his juridical writings is found in Rhalles and Potles, "Xvvrayfxa twc &eiuiv ical iepoiv xavovtov, 6 vols., Athens, 1852—59; Krumbacher, Geschichte, passim.