RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
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do not understand"; (2) the Correctorium Sorbonicum, a sort of epitome of the larger Correctoria ■ (3) the Correctorium of the Dominicans, prepared under the auspices of Hugo of St. Cher, which sometimes went back of the Latin text to Greek and Hebrew manuscripts; (4) the Correctorium Vaticanum, the work of the Franciscans, perhaps especially of Willermus de Mara. (Cf. on the Correctoria, besides S. Berger, in RTP, xvi, 41, especially Denifle, in Archiv fur Litteratur- und Kirchengeschichte, iv, Berlin, 1883, 263, 471.) By the influence of the University of Paris the text used there was the one which was most current in the Middle Ages and consequently that which found its way into the first printed editions, and gained thereby still more influence.
To enumerate even the more important of the manuscripts of the Vulgate is here impossible. There are lists in J. Le Long, BMiotheca sacra (i, Paris, 1723, 234 sqq.), and in C. Vercellone, Variw lectiones vulgatce Latinos Bibliwum editionis (i, Rome, 1860, lxxxii sqq., ii, 1864, xvii :sqq.)- Scrivener's Introduction (ii, London, 18P4, 67-90) has a select list of 181 manuscripts, chiefly of the New Testament, by H. J. White; Berger's Histoire (Paris, 1893, 374-422) one of 253; Gregory's Prolegomena (iii, Leipsic, 1894, 983-1108) notes some 2,270, and his Textkritik (2 vols., Leipsic, 1900-02) 2,369, reserving some for an appendix. H. J. White (DB, iv, 886-889) classifies them under the following headings: (1) Early Italian texts; (2) F.arly Spanish texts; (3) Italian texts transcribed in Britain; (4) Continental manuscripts written by Irish or Saxon scribes and showing a mixture of the two types of text; (5) Type of text current in Languedoc; (6) Other French texts; (7) Swiss manuscripts, especially of St. Gall; (8) Alcuinian recension; (9) Theodulfian recension; (10) Medieval texts.
Naturally Bibles and parts of the Bible were among the earliest of printed books, and as a matter of course the text presented was the Vulgate. The Mazarin Bible, so called, because a copy in the library of Cardinal Mazarin first attracted the attention of bibliographers — i.e., the Bible in fortytwo lines, not that in thirty-six — is now proved to be the first Bible printed by Gutenberg. His Psalter of 1457 is the first book with Printed1, a Prmtec^ date, while the Psalter of Editions. 14"^ is one of the most costly of books. A Bible printed at Mainz 1462 is the first dated Bible. The first Bible printed at Rome is of 1471, by Sweinheim and Pannartz, printed in 250 copies. Of ninety-two editions of the fifteenth century which can be localized, thirty-six belong to Germany (to Nuremberg 13, Strasburg 8, Cologne 7, Mainz 3, Speyer 2, Bamberg 1, and Ulm 1 , the latter of 1480 being the first Bible with summaries); twenty-nine belong to Italy, twenty-four of them to Venice. In England in the whole period none is known. The first quarto Bible is believed to have been printed at Piacenza 1475, and the first octavo at Basel 1491 (because of its small size called the first " poor man's Bible ") . An undated Bible, probably of 1478, has for the first time the verses:
Fontibus ex grajcis hebraeorum quoque libris
Emendata satis et decorata simul Biblia sum praesens, superos ego testor et astra.
Copinger mentions 124 editions of the Latin Bible P"or to 15°0, of the sixteenth century he knows 4d8 editions, of the seventeenth 262, of the eight-
eenth 192, of the nineteenth (till 1892) 133, in all 1,149. These figures show that, under the influence of the religious and intellectual awakening, the sixteenth century was the time of the Latin Bible.
The bad state of the text soon became evident and attempts were made to improve it from the original texts, as by the editors of the Complutensian Polyglot (see Bibles, Polyglot, I), and, among Protestants, first by Andreas Osiander (Nuremberg, 1522) and at Wittenberg, in an edition of the Pentateuch, Joshua-Kings, and the New Testament, ascribed to Luther and Melanchthon (1529), then by Lukas Osiander at Tubingen (9 vols., 1573- 1586), with an "exposition." Of greater importance are the attempts to correct the text from the Latin manuscripts, to which Lorenzo della Valle had called attention in the fifteenth century. Erasmus published his In Latinam Novi Testamenti interpretationem ex collatione grcecorum exemplarium annotationes apprime utiles at Paris in 1505. The French printer Robert Stephens (q.v.) in particular corrected the text from manuscripts and put variant readings on the margins (cf . Wordsworth, in OLBT, i, 1883, 47-54). For his edition of 1528 he used three good manuscripts, for the larger of 1540 not less than seventeen; his impression of 1555 is the first complete Bible with the modern verse division, and his text became the basis of the official Roman text through the mediation of the edition undertaken by the theological faculty of Louvain under the guidance of Johannes Hentenius after comparison of some thirty manuscripts (Louvain, 1547).
All these editions were private undertakings. In its fourth session (Apr. 8, 1546), the Council of Trent decreed that " of all Latin editions the old and vulgate (vulgata) edition be held as authoritative in public lectures, disputations, sermons, and expositions; and that no one is to 5. The dare or presume vxnder any pretext
_. . ." to reiect it." The council decreed at
Clementine J ,
Edition *ne same time that this same old and vulgate edition be printed in as correct form as possible." It does not appear that steps were taken to entrust a special person or body with the latter task. The edition of Hentenius was used for a long time as the best available. At last several popes took the matter in hand, and after various attempts of Pius IV and Pius V, at last Sixtus V carried the work to completion through a committee, with Cardinal Antonio Caraff a at its head, and published the Biblia Sacra Vulgatce Editionis tribus tomis distincta. Romas : ex Typographia Apostolica Vaticana M.D.XC (on a second title-page: Biblia Sacra Vulgata Editionis ad concilii Tridentini prascriptum emendata et a Sixto V P M recognita et approbata). In the constitution Mternus ille (Mar. 1, 1589; not included in the Bullarium Romanum ; printed in Thomas James, Bellum papale, London, 1600, and L. van Ess, Geschichte der Vulgata, Tubingen, 1821, 269) Sixtus had declared the edition "true, lawful, authentic, and not to be questioned in disputations, either public or private." No future edition was to be published without the express permission of the Holy See, and for the next ten years it was forbidden to reprint it in any place except the Vati-
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