RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bible Versions
„„l» Munich 1789-90); B. Weyl (Mainz, 1789); J. G. Kra'c'h (2 vols., Freiburg, 1790); C. Schwartzel I (6 vols Ulm 1802-05); M. Wittmann (Regensburg 1809); J. M. Sailer (Graz, 1822); J. H. Kistemaker (Munich, 1825; circulated by the British and Foreign Bible Society, which now also circulates Affloli's translation); B. Weinhart (Freiburg, 1900); A. Arndt, S. J. (Regensburg, 1903); B. Prundl (Augsburg, 1903).
Finally, mention should be made of the scholarly translation of the canonical Old Testament, edited by E. Kautzsch in collaboration with F. Baethgen, H. Guthe, A. Kamphausen, R. Kittel, K. Marti, W Rothstein, R. Ruetschi, V. Ryssel, K. Siegfried, and A. Socin (Freiburg, 1894; 2d ed., 1896). In the supplementary translation of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Prof. Kautzsch had the assistance of G. Beer, F. Blass, C. Clemen, A. Deissmann, C. Fuchs, H. Gunkel, H. Guthe, A. Kamphausen, R. Kittel, E. Littmann, M. Lohr, W Rothstein, V. Ryssel, F. Schnapp, K. Siegfried, and P. Wendland. Since 1899 cheap editions called Textbibel, both with and without Weizsacker's New Testament, have been circulated.
German Israelites have translations of the Old Testament prepared under the direction of L. Zunz (Berlin, 1837) and by S. Bernfeld (Berlin, 1902). There are also versions in the Jewish-German (Yiddish). E. Nestle.
Biblioohapht: The one work on early German translations is W. Walther, Die deutsche Bibelubersetzung des MitUlaltere, 3 vols., Brunswick, 1889-91; cf. Bible of all Lands, pp. 178-187, London, 1861, and DB, extra vol., pp. 411-414.
The subject of the printed German Bible before Luther has been much elucidated by W. Kurrelmeyer of Baltimore, who has prepared an edition from a collation of all impressions and manuscripts; vols, i and ii, the N. T., have already appeared as nos. 234 and 238 of the Biblioihek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, Tubingen, 1904 and 1905; vols, iii-iv of the O. T., nos. 243, 246, ib. 1907. F. Jostes (Roman Catholic) has long had a history in preparation. Consult L. Hain, Repertorium bibliographicum, vol. i, Paris, 1826; L. Keller, Die Reformation und die dlteren Reformparteien, Leipsic, 1885; idem, Die Waldenser und die deutschen Bibelubersetzungen, v, 189, ib. 1886; F. Jostes, Die Waldenser und die vorlutherische deutsche Bibelubersetzung, p. 44, Munster, 1885; idem, Die Tepler Bibelubersetzung, Munster, 1886; idem, " Die Waldenserbibeln " und . . Johannes Rellach, in Historisches Jahrbuch, xv (1894), 77 sqq.; H. Haupt, Die deutsche Bibelubersetzung der mittelalterlichen Waldenser ■ ■ , Wurzburg, 1885; idem, in Centralblatt fur Bibliothekswesen, 1885, pp. 287-290; idem, Der waldensische Ursprung des Codex Teplensis . , Wurzburg, 1886; M. Rachel, Die Freiberger Bibelhandschrift, Freiburg, 1886; o. Berger, La Question du codex Teplensis, in Revue historique, xxx (1886), 164, xxxii (1886), 184; K. Schellhorn, Ueber das Verhaltnis der Freiberger und der Tepler Bibelhandschrift, Freiberg, 1896; W Walther, Ein angeblicher Bibdubersetzer des Millelalters, in Neue kirchliche Zeitschnft, viii, 3 (1896), 194-207; Schaff, Christian Church, vi, 351 sqq.
On Luther's Bible consult: J. G. Palm, Historie der deutschen Bibelubersetzung Dr. M. Lutheri, 1517-34, ed. J. M. Goze, Halle, 1772; G. W. Panzer, Entwurf einer vollstandigen Geschichte der deutschen Bibelubersetzung M Luihers, 1517-81, Nuremberg, 1791; J. Janssen-Pastor, beschichte des deutschen Volkes, vii, 531-575, Freiburg, 1893; Schaff, Christian Church, vi, 340-368; Moeller, Christian Church, iii, 34-35.
On the language of Luther's Bible consult: R. von Jtaumer, Einwirkung des Christentums, Stuttgart, 1845; £"• lietsch, M. Luther und die hochdeutsche Schriftsprache, weslau, 1S83; K. Burdach, Die Einigung der neuhoch- *uft<™» Schriftsprache, Halle, 1884; B. Lindmeyer, Der nortschalz m Luthers, Emsers und Ecks Uebersetzung des Tt'hl'i"' StrasburE, 1899; F. Dauner, Die oberdeutschen owelglossare des xvi. Jahrhunderts, Darmstadt, 1898;
Bohme, Zur Geschichte der sachsischen Kanzleisprache, Reichenbach, 1899; W. W. Florer, Substantivflexion bei Martin Luther, Ann Arbor, 1899; H. Byland, Der Wortschatz des Ziiricher A. T.'s von 1525 und 1531 , Ber-
lin, 1903.
On translations after Luther consult: J. Mezger, Geschichte der Bibelubersetzungen in der schweizerisch-reformierten Kirche, Basel, 1876; A. Kappler, Die schweizeriiche Bibelubersetzung, Zurich, 1898; idem, Die neue Revision der Ziiricher Bibel, in Neue Ziiricher Zeitung, Nov. 2 and 27, 1904.
On Roman Catholic versions consult: G. W. Panzer, Geschichte der romisch-katholischen Bibelubersetzung, Nuremberg, 1781; J. Janssen-Pastor, ut sup.; G. Keferstein, Der Lautstand in den Bibelubersetzungen von Emser und Eck, Jena, 1888.
VIII. Greek Versions, Modern : Parts of the Old Testament were translated by Jews into modern Greek as early as the end of the Middle Ages. A version of the Pentateuch made in 1547 has been edited by C. Ilesseling (Leipsic, 1897). On the whole the Greek Church has been anxious to make the people acquainted with the Bible, a fact evinced especially in the sixteenth century by the efforts of Damascenus the Studite (q.v.). But when, at the instance of Cyril Lucar, Maximos Kalliupolites published in 1638 an edition of the New Testament in the original Greek with a modern Greek version, the Church as a whole did not favor it, though the patriarch Parthenios permitted its circulation. This text was reprinted in London in 1703 by the monk Seraphim, also in 1710 at Halle, and by C. Reineccius in his polyglot Bible of 1713 (see Bibles, Polyglot, V). In the East, Seraphim's edition was expressly prohibited by the patriarch Gabriel of Constantinople (1702-04).
A new period began when the British and Foreign Bible Society took the matter in hand. As early as 1810 it published the text of Maximos, and English influence induced the patriarchs Cyril VI and Gregory V to permit its circulation. Other issues followed in 1814, 1819, and 1824. The deficiencies of the old text having been long known, it was decided to bring out a new translation, which should approach more nearly the ancient Greek. For this work the monk Hilarion was employed under the direction of the learned Archbishop Constantius of Sinai, afterward patriarch. But when, in consequence of a controversy over the Apocrypha (1825-27), the society introduced bibles without the Apocrypha, the Greek Church would not circulate them. Moreover, after the war of liberation the desire to be entirely independent of Occidental aid greatly increased and orthodox reaction set in anew. The version of such learned Greeks as Typaldos, Bambas, and others found no more favorable reception. This disposition has continued. The latest version of the New Testament by A. Pallis (Liverpool, 1902), written in common Greek, has not been approved. The patriarch Joachim III has renewed the prohibition of Bible translation. Philtpp Meyer.
Bibliography: Korais, in Atakta, vol. iii (1830); J. Wenger, BeitriXge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Kirche, Berlin, _1839; Bible of Every Land, pp. 241-244, London, 1861; E. Legrand, Bibliographic Hellenique, 3 vols., Paris, 1885-190* (for 15th and 16th centuries); idem, Bibliographic H el- Unique, 5. vols., ib. 1894-1903 (for the 17th century); A. D. Kyriakos, Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen, 1453-1898, Leipsic, 1902; Bible Society Reporter, Jan. and May, 1902; DB, extra vol., p. 420.
Bible Versions