THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
left page is the Latin, on the right German), a Bavarian working over of a Frankish or Alsacian original. The best edition is A. Hench, The Monsee Fragments newly Collated, with Text, 1. Old Ger- Introduction, Notes, Grammatical Trea- F tise, and Exhaustive Glossary and
ments. Facsimile (Strasburg, LS90). The "German Tatian," of which the chief manuscript is at St. Gall (second half of the ninth century, in two columns, left in Latin, right in German), originated about 830 in Fulda. The Latin rests upon a manuscript written about 540 for Bishop Victor of Capua (q.v.), which is still preserved in Fulda, and the German follows the Latin very closely (best edition by E. Sievers, Tat i anus. Lateinisch und Altdeutsch, Paderborn, 1874, 2d ed., 1S92). Heccard, count of Burgundy, in 870 gave as a present an Evangelium Theudiscum with other books (cf. P. Lejay, in Revue des Bibliotheques, July-Sept., 1896). Walton, in his Polyglot (Prolegomena, p. 34a), asserts that " Rhenanus testifies that Waldo, bishop of Freising [884-906] about the year 800 [sic!] translated the Gospels into German " (cf. Hauck, KD, ii, 620, 7o4, 712). Detached fragments of the Gospels have been published by F. Keinz (SMA, 1869, p. 546) and J. Haupt (Germania, xiv, 1869, p. 440), which are in a handwriting of the twelfth century, but show the accents used earlier in the school of Xotker Balbulus (see Notker, 1; cf. W Walther, Die deutsche Bibelilbersetzung des Mittelalters, 3 vols., Brunswick, 1889-91, 455-465). For the Heliand and Otfrid's Liber Evangeliorum or Krist, see Heliand, the, and the Old-Saxon Genesis; Otfrid of Welssenburg).
The first translator after Ulfilas known with certainty is Xotker Labeo of St. Gall (d. June 29, 1022; see Xotker, 5). His Job is lost, but his translation of the Psalms can be almost completely reconstructed from his German and Latin commentary on them (best ed. in P. Piper's Schriften Notkers und seiner Schule, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1883-84; facsimile in Vogt and Koch, Deutsche Litteraturgeschichte. Leipsic, 1904, and Walther, ut sup., 563). Williram, after 1048 abbot of Ebersberg in Bavaria (see Williram), made a translation of the >ong of Solomon, which found so much favor that nineteen manuscripts are still known, one written as late as 1528 (cf. Walther, 523-536, with facsimile, and J. Seem tiller, Die Handsrhrijten und Quellen von Willirams Paraphrase, Strasburg, 1877, and Willirams Para-phrase, 1878; Hauck, KD, hi, 9(58). An interlinear version of the Psalms from the cloister of Windberg, written 1187, was published by E. G. Graff, Deutsche Inlcrlinearversionen der Psalmen (Quedlinburg, 1839; cf. Walther, 566; also A. E. Schonbach, BruchMnche cincr frdnkischen Psalmcnversion, in ZDAL, xxiv, 2, pp. 177-186). Other manuscripts of this kind are mentioned by Walther, 508. Some twenty manuscripts and two impressions (the one probably by Knubloezer in Strasburg about 1477, the other by Peter Drach in Worms 1504) have preserved the commentary of Xicolaus de Lyra (see Lyra, Nicolaus de), containing translations into German by Heinrich von Miigeln, who was for a time with the emperor
Charles IV at Prague and seems to have left him on account of his edict of 1469 against the German books on Holy Scripture (cf. Helm, in Sievers 's Beitrdge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, xxi, 1897, p. 240, xxii, 1898, p. 135).
Especially interesting is Walther's eighth group of translations of the Psalms (which include all Latin-German Psalters printed in the Middle Ages and two or three manuscripts) on account of the fact that the German text does not go back to the Latin Vulgate in common use, but to Jerome's version from the Hebrew (see above, A, II, 2, § 2). To Walther's ninth group belongs the splendid Psalter of St. Florian in three languages, Latin, Polish, and German, which was made either for the Polish queen Marguerite, daughter of the emperor Charles IV, or for Mary, sister of the Polish queen Hedwig of Anjou. Another translation is due to Henry of Hesse, rector of the University of Heidelberg, who died 1427, a Carthusian. On the eve of the Reformation Duke Eberhard I of Wurttemberg was careful to have translations made for him (cf. TLZ, iv, 473; 571).
Besides 202 (203) manuscripts, Walther enumerates between 14G6 and 1521 eighteen impressions of complete German Bibles, 2. Printed twenty-two of Psalters, and twelve Bibles be- of other parts. Of the eighteen comfore plete Bibles, fourteen are in High Luther. German They differ from the CQm.
mon Latin Bible by containing the Epistle to the Laodiceans and by placing Acts after the Epistles of St. Paul. The prayer of Manasses is missing in the first two and placed after Chronicles in the rest. Their correct chronological order is :
(1) Strasburg, Mentel, c. 14G6 (Hain, Repertorium bibliographicum, no. 3130). (2) Strasburg, Eggestein, c. 1470 (Hain, 3129). (3) Augsburg, Pflanzmann, c. 1473 (Hain, 3131). (4) Augsburg, G. Zainer, c. 1473, a thorough revision of 2 (Hain, 3133). (5) Swiss, 1474 (Hain, 3132). (6 and 7) Augsburg, G. Zainer, and A. Sorg, 1477 (Hain, 3134-3135). (8) Augsburg, A. Sorg, 14S0, a repetition of Zainer's impression of 1477 (Hain, 3136). (9) Nuremberg, A. Koburger, 1483 (Hain, 3137). (10) Strasburg, Griininger, 1485 (Hain, 3138). (11-14) All printed in Augsburg, by H. Schonsperger, 1487, 1490 (Hain, 3139-40), H. Otmar, 1507, and Silvanus Otmar, 1518.
All these editions give in the main one and the same version, but Zainer (4 above) undertook a thorough revision, which had much influence. Koburger (9 above) also made changes. The version was already more than 100 years old when first printed. Its home is not yet ascertained, but there are traces which indicate Bohemia. The Latin text underlying this version is interesting especially in Acts, where it has preserved many Old Latin readings. Led by an entry in a manuscript of Nuremberg, F Jostes tried to prove that a certain Johannes Rellach of Resom (?) in the diocese of Constance, who he thinks was a Dominican, was the author of this version about 1400 (cf. his Meister Johannes Rellach, ein Bibeluber setzer des 15. J ahrhunderts , in Historisches Jahrbuch, Munich, 1897, 133-145). Kurrelmeyer (Die deutsche Bibel, Tubingen, 1904 sqq.) seems to think the version older than this Rellach, who may have undertaken a revision of it, and he has not pronounced upon the alleged Walden-