THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the Psalms in 1876, the whole Bible (the so-called Probebibel) in 1883. At last, in Jan., 1890, the whole work was finished and the first impression was published at Halle in 1892. The revised edition was adopted in most parts of Germany, though in Mecklenburg it is still opposed. A comparison with the English revision shows that the German was much too timid (cf., on the one side, P. de Lagarde, Die revidierte Lutherbibel des Halleschen Waisenhauses, Gottingen, 1885, also in Mittheilungen, iii; on the other, E. V. Kohlschiitter, Die Revision der Lutherschen Bibeliibersetsung, 1887, and A. Kamphausen, Die berichtigte Lutherbibel, Berlin, 1894; also TJB, 1886, where twelve pamphlets for and against the revision are named; O. H. T. Willkomm, Was verliert unser Volk durch die Bibelrevision f Zwickau, 1901).
Luther's work was criticized early, especially by his Roman Catholic opponents — e.g., by Hieronymus Emser, to whom Urbanus Rhegius replied in 1524 (see Ember, Hieronymus; Rhegius, Urbanus; cf. G. Kawerau's Hieronymus Emser, Halle, 1898; for criticism from the modern point of view, cf. P. de Lagarde, Die revidierte Lutherbibel, ut sup.). The Wittenberg edition of 1572 introduced the summaries of Veit Dietrich. A. Calovius added in 1661 a " Biblical Calendar " by which it was possible to read the Psalms four times every year, Proverbs twice, and the rest of the Bible with Luther's prefaces once. The Wittenberg faculty added a new preface in 1669. The verse of the " three witnesses " (I John v, 7) was first introduced into a Frankfort edition of 1575, into a Wittenberg impression in 1596. Dietrich's summaries were replaced by those of Leonhard Hutter in 1624; in this edition a Roman Catholic compositor changed " everlasting gospel " in Rev. xiv, 6, to " new gospel," the verse being often applied to Luther, and subsequent editions were printed from the sheet as copy. Several editions gave great offense because of changes in the text or additions — e.g., an edition by N. Funk (Altona, 1815) was asserted to teach a " new faith " because of changes in the indexes and notes. The Bible Institute founded at Halle by Karl Hildebrand, Baron Canstein (q.v.) came to have great influence; after 1717 standing type or stereotyped plates were used and millions of copies of the Halle text were circulated (see Bible Societies, II, 1).
The Anabaptists Hans Denk and Ludwig Hatzer (qq.v.)
translated the Prophets before the completion of Luther's
version (published by Peter SchSffer, Worms, 1527; many
later editions); their work was used by
5. Other other translators and has been praised for
Versions, scholarship and style (cf. J. J. I. Dollinger, Die Reformation, i, Regensburg, 1846, 199; Heberle, in TSK, xxviii, 1855, 832; L. Keller, Ein Apostel der Wiedertaufer, Leipsic, 1882, 210 sqq.). The preachers of Zurich published a complete Bible in six parts (1525- 1529), using Luther's work so far as available and adding the Prophets (part iv) themselves and the Apocrypha (part v, including III and IV Esdras and III Maccabees but not the Prayer of Azariah, the Song of the Three Children, the Prayer of Manasses, or the Additions to Esther) by Leo Jud (q.v.). The complete Bible was printed in 1530, without prefaces and glosses, the Apocrypha at the end. The edition of 1531 (2 vols.) has a short admonition and introduction for " the Christian reader of these Biblical Books " probably by Zwingli; also summaries, parallel references, woodcuts, and a new translation of the poetical books. The edition of 1548 (2 vols.) professes to have been compared word for word with the Hebrew, but really does not differ from editions of 1542 and 1545; it became the basis of later editions. The verse division was first introduced in 1589. A revision of the Zurich New Testament was undertaken by J. J. Breitinger in 1629, by a collegium biblicum in 1817, 1860, 1868, and 1882, and a new revision of the New Testament and P3alms appeared in 1893 (cf. E. Riggenbach, Die schweizerische revidierte Uebersetzung des Nenen Testaments und der Psalmen, Basel, 1895).
Besides the Zurich Bible three other " composite " Bibles (i.e., Luther's translation so far as it had appeared
with the missing parts supplied from other translations) were published before 1534: (1) Worms, Peter Schoffer, 1529, the so-called " Baptist " Bible, having Hatzer and Denk's version of the Prophets; it was the first Protestant Bible to use the word Biblia in the title, retained in Luther's Bible till the eighteenth century; (2) Strasburg, Wolff Kopphl, 1530, Prophets by Hatzer and Denk, Apocrypha by Jud; (3) Frankfort, C. Egenolph, 1534, in which only a part of the Apocrypha was not Luther's. The Epistle to the Laodiceans was included in these editions.
About one hundred years after Luther new versions began to appear. The first complete Bible was that of J. Piscator (Herborn, 1602), called the " Straf mien Gott " Bible because the translator added in smaller type to Mark viii, 12, Wann disem geschlecht ein eaichen wirdt gegeben werden, so straffe mich Gott (" If a sign be given to this generation, so strike me God ; " cf. R. Steck, Die Piscatorblbel, Bern, 1897). The Berleburg Bibb (8 vols., 1726- 1742) and the Wertheim Bible (1735) were prepared in the interest of mysticism and rationalism respectively (see Bibles, Annotated, and Bible Summaries, I, §§3, 4). Later versions are by J. D. Michaelis (O. T., 13 vols., Gottingen, 1769 sqq.; N. T., 2 vols., 1790); J. H. D. Moldenhauer (O. T., 10 vols., Quedlinburg, 1774 sqq.; N. T., 2 vols., 1787-88); Simon Grynseus (5 vols., Basel, 1776-77; a paraphrase in modern style, the historical books of the O. T. abridged, the Gospels harmonized); and G. F. Griesinger (Stuttgart, 1824). Better than these is the version of W L. M. de Wette and J. C. W. Augusti (6 vols., Heidelberg, 1809-14; later editions by De Wette alone). Bunsen's annotated Bible (9 vols., Leipsic, 1858—70) has a translation of the Hagiographa by A. Kamphausen, of the Apocrypha and N. T. by H. J. Holtzmann, other portions by Bunsen.
Translations of the New Testament alone include: J. Crell, J. Stegman the elder, and others, the Socinian N. T. (Rakow, 1630); J. Felbinger, also a Socinian (Amsterdam, 1660); J. H. Reitz, Reformed (Offenbach, 1703); C. E. Triller (Amsterdam, 1703); Count Zinzendorf (Ebersdorf, 1727); Timotheus Philadelphus' (i.e., J. Kayser, a Stuttgart physician, 1733); C. A. Heumann (Hanover, 1748); J. A. Bengel (Stuttgart, 1753); C. T. Damm (3 vols., Berlin, 1765); C. F. Bahrdt (" the latest revelations of God," 4 vols., Riga, 1773-74); J. C. F. Schulz (vol. i, the Gospels, 1774); P. M. Hahn (Winterthur, 1777); G. W. Rullmann (3 vols., Lemgo, 1790-91); J. A. Bolten (8 vols., Altona, 1792-1806); J. O. Theiss, Gospels and Acts (4 vols., Hamburg, 1794-1800); J. J. Stolz (2 vols., Zurich, 1795; a second ed. of a version by Stolz, J. L. Vogeli, and C. Hafeli, 2 vols., 1781-82); G. F. Seiler (2 vols., Erlangen, 1806); J. C. R. Eckermann (3 vols., Kiel, 1806-08); J. W. F. Hetzel (Dorpat, 1809); C. F. Preiss (2 vols., Stettin, 1811); L. Schuhkrafft (Stuttgart); J. Gossner (Munich, 1815); H. A. W. Meyer (Gottingen, 1829); E. G. A. Bockel (Altona, 1832); J. K. W Alt (4 parts, Leipsic, 1837-39); K. von der Heydt (Elberfeld, 1852; used by the Plymouth Brethren); F. Rengsdorf (Hamburg, 1860); C. Weizsacker (Tubingen, 1875; 9th ed., 1900); C. Reinhardt (I.ahr, 1878);
E. Zittel (3 vols., Carlsruhe, 1880-85); C. Stage (Reclam, Leipsic, 1896; " in present-day speech "); H. Wiese (Berlin, 1905).
Roman Catholic versions have been numerous. Hieronymus Emser's New Testament (Dresden, 1527; see Emser, Hieronymus) was merely a slight revision of Luther after the Vulgate. J. Dietenberger, a Dominican, published the entire Bible at Mainz in 1534 (cf. F. Schneider, Johann Dietenberger' s Bibeldruck, Mainz, 1901). In the New Testament he followed Emser chiefly, in the Apocrypha Leo Jud, in the Old Testament he took much from Luther. C. Ulenberg revised this version in 1630, and the clergy of Mainz in 1662; thenceforth it was commonly called the " Catholic " Bible. Later Roman Catholic versions are: T. A. Erhard (2 vols., Augsburg, 1722); the Benedictines of the cloister of Ettenheimmunster (Constance, 1751); I. Weitenauer (14 vols., Augsburg, 1777-81);
F. Rosalino (3 vols., Vienna, 1781); K. H. Seibt (Prague, 1781); H. Braun (13 vols., Augsburg, 1788-1805; worked over by J. F. Allioli, 6 vols., Nuremberg, 1830-32); D. von Brentano, T. A. Dereser, and J. M. A. Scholz (N. T. by Brentar.o, 3 vol?., Kcmpten, 1790-91; revised and 0. T. added by Dereser and Scholz, 15 vols., Frankfort, 1797- 1833); K. and L. van Ess (3 vols., Sulzbach, 1807-22); H. J. Jiick (Leipsic, 1847). Translations of the New Testament alone are: C. Fischer (Prague, 17S4); B. B. M. Schnappingor (3 vols., Mannheim, 1787-99); S. Mutschejle (2