THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
history down to pre-Reformation times, under the general title Die Kirche Chn'sti und ihre Zeugen (24 vols., Zurich, 1S42-5S; 2d ed., 1860-79).
BOETHIUS, bo-i'thi-us, ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS: Statesman and philosopher; b. at Rome, of wealthy and influential family, c. 480; executed at Pavia 525. He received as good an education as the time could give, and acquired a close acquaintance with Greek philosophy. In 510 he was consul, and for several years occupied a prominent position in the Roman world, equally revered by the people and esteemed by the Ostrogothic king, Theodoric, the ruler of Italy (489- 526). After the decree of the Emperor Justin I (51S-527) against the Arians, Theodoric became suspicious of all Romans and Catholics; he imprisoned Boethius at Pavia on a charge of desiring to restore the old Roman freedom, and finally put him to death. By his translations and commentaries (including the entire six books of the Organon of Aristotle and the Isagoge of Porphyry) and by his independent works (Introductio ad categoricos syllogismos, De syllogismo categorico, De syllogismo hypothetico, De divisione, De definitione, De musica, De arithmetica, etc.), Boethius became the connecting link between the logical and metaphysical science of antiquity and the scientific attempts of the Middle Ages. His influence on medieval thought was still greater through his De consolatione philosophies (written while in prison at Pavia) and the theological writings attributed to him. Whether Boethius was a Christian has been doubted; and it is certain that the Consolatio makes no mention of Christ, and all the comfort it contains it owes to the optimism of the Neoplatonic school and to the stoicism of Seneca. Nevertheless, for a long time the book was read with the greatest reverence by all Christendom, and its author was regarded as a martyr for the true faith. Having advanced from a mere logician to a moralist, he next came to be regarded as a theologian ; but it is not probable that he wrote any of the theological works attributed to him. The tradition is very old, however; he is mentioned by Alcuin as the author of De sancta trinitate, and by Hincmar of Reims as author of a treatise, Utrum pater et filius et spiritus sanctus de divinitate substantialiter prcedicentur.
Bibliography: The complete works of Boethius first appeared at Venice, 1492; again at Basel, 1546 and 1570; they are reproduced in MPL, lxiii-lxiv. The Consolatio philosophic was first printed at Nuremberg, 1473; a good edition is by Peiper, Leipsic, 1S71; there have been many English translations, beginning with King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version, and including one by Chaucer and one ascribed to Queen Elizabeth; a late translation is by H. R. James, London, 1S97. The translations from Aristotle were published by G. Meiser, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1877-80; the De arithmetica, De musica, and De geometrica by G. Friedlein, ib. 1867. The theological writings appeared at Louvain in 1633 and are in Peiper's edition of the Consolatio (ut sup.). Consult: F. Nitzsch, Das System des Boethius, Berlin, I860; Jourdain, De I'origine des tra'Iitions sur le christianisme de Btn'ce, Paris, 1861; A. Hildebrand, Boethius und seine Stellung zum Christenthum, Regensburg, 1S85; H. F. Stewart, Boethius: an Essay, Edinburgh, 1891 (valuable; an analysis of the Consolation and other theological tracts, discusses the question of Boethius's Christianity, gives literature at head of each chapter); E. K. Rand, Joh. Scotius. I. Der
Kommentar des Johannes
Scottus, II. Des Rernigius von
Au,erre zu den opuscula sacra des Boethius. Munich, 1906.
BOGATZKY, KARL HEINRICH VON: German Pietist- b at Jankowe (a village of Lower Silesia) Sept 7 1690; d. at Halle June 15, 1774. When fourteen years of age, he entered the ducal court of Saxe-Weissenfels as a page, but at the instance of the pious count Henry XXIV of Reuss-Kostritz, he beo-an to complete his education in his twentieth year. From 1713 to 1715 he studied law at Jena and then devoted himself to theology at Halle, where Francke, Anton, Freylinghausen, and other Pietists greatly influenced him. After completing his theological studies in 1718, he lived for several years among the nobility of Silesia, and exercised much influence as a spiritual leader. He also resided for a number of years at the Silesian village of Glaucha, where he aided in building an orphan-asylum, and from 1740 to 1746 he lived at the ducal court of Saalfeld, and finally at Halle, engaged in literary work of a devotional character and in the practical furtherance of Pietistic life. The most popular of his many works was his Guldenes Schatzkastlein der Kinder Gottes, which he composed for his own edification while at the university (Breslau, 1718; 65th ed., Halle, 1904; Eng. transl., London, 1745, and many subsequent editions); while among his other books special mention may be made of his Tagliches Hausbueh der Kinder Gottes (2 vols., Halle, 1748-49) and of his Betrachtungen und Gebete iiber das Xeue Testament (7 parts, 1755-61). Several of his hymns obtained a place in the popular hymnals of the German people, and were collected in his Uebung der Gottseligkeit in allerlei geistlichen Liedern (Halle, 1749), while a selection of 160 was published by Johannes Claassen, (Stuttgart, 1888), together with a biography of Bogatzky. (Georg Muller.)
Bibliography: Bogatzky 's autobiography was published by Knapp, Halle, 1801, Eng. transl. by S. Jackson, London, 1856. Consult: G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, iii, 201-202, Leipsic, 1875; ADB, iii, 37-39, Leipsic, 1876; A. F. W. Fischer, Kirchen-Lieder- Lexikon, ii, 430-431, Gotha, 1879; Julian, Hymnology, p. 152.
BOGERMAN, bo'ger-man, JAN: Dutch theologian; b. at Oplewert, East Friesland, 1576; d. at Franeker Sept. 11, 1637 He was professor of divinity at Franeker after 1633. He took an active part in the Arminian controversy and presided at the Synod of Dort (q.v.). He was one of the workers on the Old Testament of the Staatcnbibcl (see Bible Versions, B, III). He wrote a polemic against Grotius, Annotationes contra H. Grotium, and translated Beza's De la punition des hcritiques, under the title Van het-ketter straff en (Franeker, 1601).
BOGOMILES. See New Manicheans. I.
BOGUE, DAVID: English Congregationalist; b. at Hallydown, near Coldingham (10 m. n.w. of Berwick), Berwickshire, Feb. IS, 1750; d. at Brighton Oct. 25, 1825. He studied at Edinburgh (M.A., 1771), was licensed to preach, and taught school in England; in 1780, while minister of a Congregational chapel at Gosport (opposite Portsmouth), he undertook the instruction of young men for the ministry, and from this beginning was