RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bockhoid Boehme
was appointed associate professor of canon law in the following month. In addition to contributions to theological periodicals, he has written De individuitate matrimonii (Berlin, 1901) and Das apostolische Speisegesetz in den ersten fiinf Jahrhunderten (Paderbom, 1903).
BOEGNER, bug'ner, ALFRED EDOUARD:
French Protestant; b. at Strasburg Aug. 2, 1851. He was educated at the university of his native city and at the theological faculty at Montauban, after which he studied at the German universities of Leipsic, Erlangen, and Tubingen in 1873-74. From 1 876 to 1879 he was pastor of the Protestant church at Fresnoy-le-Grand, and in the latter year became subdirector of the Paris Society of Evangelical Missions, of which he has been director since 1882. In this capacity he made tours of inspection of South Africa in 1883, Senegal and the West Coast in 1890-91, and Madagascar, the Transvaal, Orange Free State, and Cape Colony in 1898-99. He is also director of the Paris House of Evangelical Missions, and in addition to editing the Journal des missions evangeliques de Paris since 1879 and publishing or editing a number of minor contributions, has written Patterson, le missionnaire de la Mclanesie (Paris, 1881); Le Missionnaire de M ethlakatla (1882); Les Bassoutos, autrefois et anjourd'hui (1885); Quelques reflexions sur I'autorite en matiere de foi (1892); and Rapport sur la delegation a Madagascar (in collaboration with P. Germond; 1900).
BOEHL, bul, EDUARD: German theologian; b. at Hamburg Nov. 18, 1836; d. at Vienna Jan. 24, 1903. He was educated at Berlin (1855), Halle (1856-58), and Erlangen (1858-60), and became licentiate and privat-docent at Basel in 1860, whence he was called to Vienna four years later as professor of Refrrmed dogmatics and symbolics, and also of pedagogics, philosophy of religion, and apologetics, in the Protestant faculty of theology. In 1864 he also became a permanent member of the Synod of the Reformed Church of Austria, and was in 1883 president of its fourth General Synod. He edited the Evangelische Sonntagsboten fur Oesterreich, and published De Aramaismis libri Koheleth (Erlangen, 1860); Vaticinium Jesajaz c. H-%7 commentario illustratum (Leipsic, 1861); Zwolf messianische Psalmen erklart ; nebst einer grundlegenden christologischen Einleitung (Basel, 1862); Confessio Helvetica posterior (Vienna, 1866); Allgemeine Pddagogik (1870); Forschungen nach einer Volksbibel zur Zeit Jesu und deren Zusammenhang mit der Septuaginta-V 'ebersetzung (1873); Uiealttestamentlichen Citate im Xeuen Testament A l'' Christolo9ie d<™ Alten Testaments, oder Auslegung der wichtigsten messianischen Weissagungen (1882); Zum Gesetz und zum Zeugniss ; ewe Abwehr wider die neukritischen Schriftforschungenim Alien Testament (1883); Von der Incarnation des gdttlichen Wortes (1884); Christliche Muoenslehre (Amsterdam, 1886); Dogmatik ; Dara tellung der christlichen Glaubensiehre auf reformirttarchhcher Grundlage (1887); Zur Abwehr : etliche vemerkungen gegen Prof. Dr. A. Kuyper's Einm ,9 „ZU seiner Schrift "Die Incarnation des
ortes (1888); Von der Rechtfertigung durch den II.— 14
Glauben (Leipsic, 1S90); Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Reformation in Oesterreich (Jena, 1902).
BOEHM, HANS: A popular preacher of the fifteenth century, known as the Drummer of Niklashausen; executed July 19, 1476. He was originally a shepherd at Helmstadt, between Wiirzburg and Wertheim. Up to the beginning of 1476, he had been used to play the drum and fife for rustic dances, but what he heard of the preaching of the Franciscan Capistrano (see Capistrano, Giovanni di) worked a great change in him. He alleged that the Virgin Mary had appeared to him and called him to be a prophet and preacher of repentance. In the village of Niklashausen near his home there was a picture of her already reputed miraculous and visited by pilgrims. Here, at the end of March, he began to preach, having burnt his drum in token of conversion. Lacking not only secular education but even elementary religious knowledge, he yet made a deep impression on his hearers by the innocence and purity of his nature. He did not stop with calling the peasants to repentance, but showed increasing bitterness against the clergy and nobles, who, he said, would find no place in the kingdom announced to him by the Virgin; taxes were to be abolished, no one was to have more than another, and all men were to live as brothers. His fame soon spread throughout central and southern Germany, and crowds of pilgrims, put as high as 40,000, thronged to hear him. He seems to have intended to lead them in an armed rising; but Bishop Rudolf of Wurzburg had him arrested on July 12, and warded off the danger of a great peasants' war. Two days later, 16,000 of his followers appeared to rescue him, but were dispersed; and on the 19th, a recantation having been extoi^d from him, he perished on the scaffold as a heretic and enchanter.
(Herman Haupt.)
Bibliography: C. A. Barack, Hans Bohm und die Wallfahrt nach Niklashausen im Jahre 1476, Wurzburg, 1858; C. Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, i, 377-392, Edinburgh, 1877 (a very detailed account); E. Gothein, Politische und religiose V olksbewegungen vor der Reformation, pp. 10 sqq., Breslau, 1878; H. Haupt, Die religiosen Sekten in Franken vor der Reformation, pp. 57 sqq., Wiirzburg, 1882.
BOEHME, bu'me, JAKOB.
Early Tendency Toward Mys- Finds Sympathy in Dresden
ticism (§ 1). (§ 4).
Mystic Visions (§ 2). Death of Bohme (§ 5).
Opposition to his First His Writings (§ 6).