RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Boehme Boeliring-er
crow and approach more closely to God. In this effort he studied the Bible and clung to it, but nature and life, to say nothing of the writings of earlier enthusiasts, contributed their part. He held fast to the fundamental doctrines of his Church, the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Atonement. "That which is said of God, that he is Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, is truly said; but it must be explained, or the unenlightened can not comprehend it." " Thou must not think the Son is another God from the Father, or that he is outside the Father, as when two men stand side by side. The Father is the source of all forces, and all forces are in each other as one force; and thus he is called one God. The Son is the Father's heart, the heart or center of all the powers of the Father. From the Son rises the eternal heavenly joy, having its source in all the powers of the Father, a joy that no eye has
8. His Es- seen, and no ear heard." Christ, the sential Father's heart, descended into the
Orthodoxy, midst of the conflagration which had broken out in the world, extinguished it by his death, and by his resurrection, the resurrection of the God-Man, raised man to participation in the Godhead. The Scripture is the receptacle of the truth; he holds to it, and its sense alone (cf. Col. i, 15-20) teaches a cosmic, universal conception of Christianity; baptism and the Lord's supper are means of grace to him. He remains, in spite of all obscurities, a man of inspiration who raised Protestant mysticism to a great height, and not only endowed it with the riches of his own meditations but, through his " theosophic Pentecostal school, in which the soul is taught by God," has shown many others the way to a deep and abiding happiness.
(F. W. Dibelius.)
Bibliography: The works of Bohme were collected in Germany by J. G. Gichtel, 1682, and an edition in 7 vols, was edited by Schiebler, Leipsic, 1831-47. The Eng. ed. is mentioned in the text. Early accounts in Eng. of his life were by D. Hotham, London, 1654, and by F. Okeley, Northampton, 1780; in Germ, by J. A. Calo, Wittenberg, 1707. For later accounts consult: J. Claassen, J. Biihme. Sein Leben und seine theosophischen Werke, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1885; H. L. Martensen, J. Bohme, Copenhagen, 1882, Eng. transl., London, 1885; R. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, vol. ii, ib. 1888; Schonwalder, Lebensbeschreibung J. Bbhmes, Gorlitz, 1895. More nearly concerned with his philosophy are: J. Hamberger, Die Lehre des deutschen Philosophen J. Bohme, Munich, 1844; C. F. Baur, Zur Geschichte der protestantischen Mystik, in Theologische Jahrbilcher, viiviii, 1848-49; A. Peip, /. Bohme . der Vorlaufer chnsthcher Wissenschaft, Leipsic, 1860; idem, J. Bohme ■ ■ in seiner Stellung zur Kirche, Hamburg, 1862; J- Tulloch, Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy mi the Seventeenth Century, Edinburgh, 1874; F. von Baader, Vorlesungen ilber J. Bohme, in Sammtliche Werke, vol. xm, Leipsic, 1855; F. Hartmann, Life and Doctrines of Bohme, the God-taught Philosopher, London, 1893; J. ion rSt' history of Rationalism, chap, i, New York, 1902. McClintock and Strong, Cyclopaedia, ii, 842, gives in Eng. complete list of his works.
B0EHMER, btj'mer, EDUARD: German theologian and Romance scholar ; b. at Stettin May 24, 1827; d. at Lichtental Feb. 5, 1906. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Berlin, and in 1854 became privat-docent for theology in Halle. He later turned his attention to Romance, and in 1866 was appointed associate professor in that subject in
Halle, and full professor two years later. In 1872 he went to Strasburg in the same capacity, but retired, as professor emeritus, in 1879. Died at Lichtental (a suburb of Baden) Mar. 1, 1906. His theological writings are Ueber Verfasser und Abfassungzeit der johanneischen Apokalypse (Halle, 1855) Das erste Buch des Thora (1862); Franzisca Hernandez und Frai Franzico Ortiz (Leipsic, 1866) Bibliotheca Wiffeniana: Spanish Reformers of two Centuries from 1520 (2 vols., Strasburg, 1874-83) and Des Apostels Paulus Brief an die Romer (Bonn, 1886).
BOEHMER, JUSTUS HENNING: A jurist who made important contributions to the study of Roman and still more of canon law; b. at Hanover Jan. 29, 1674; d. at Halle Aug. 23 or 29, 1749, as chancellor of the duchy of Magdeburg and head of the faculty of law at Halle. He rendered a great service to the continuity of Protestant church law in that he was the first to show the adaptability of the older canonical principles to post-Reformation conditions. This was made possible by his profound knowledge of church history and his extensive theoretical and practical acquaintance with both the common and the statute law. In the question of the relation of Church and State he declared for the territorial system. Out of the large number of his writingsmay be mentioned the Duodecim dissertationes juris ecclesiastici ad Plinium Secundum et Tertullianum (2d ed., Halle, 1729); Entwurf des Kirchenstaats derer ersten drey Jahrhundert (1733); Institutiones juris canonici (5th ed., 1770); Jus ecclesiasticum Protestantium (6 vols., 1714); and an edition of the Corpus juris canonici (2 vols., 1747), valuable for its notes, index, and appendices. He also made some contributions to church hymnody. He was the founder of a family of jurists, two of whom deserve mention for their contributions to the study of canon law. These are his son, Georg Ludwig, b. 1715; d. 1797, as head of the law faculty at Gottingen; author of Principia juris canonici (Gottingen, 1762), which was used in the revision of the Prussian laws; and Georg Ludwig's son, Georg Wilhelm (1761-1839), who published1 Grundriss des protestantischen Kirchcnrechts (Gottingen, 1786) and other cognate works.
(E. Fribdberg.)
Bibliography: Niceron, Memoires; C. G. Haubold, Institutiones juris Romani literarim, p. 153, Leipsic, 1819; ADB, iii, 79 sqq., 1876; J. F. Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Litteratur des canonischen Rechts, vol. iii, part 2, pp. 92 sqq., Stuttgart, 1880; W. Schrader, Geschichte der Friedrichs-Universitat zu Halle, i, 146 sqq., Berlin, 1894.
BOEHRINGER, btj-ring'er, GEORG FRIED- RICH: Swiss Protestant (Tubingen school); b. at Maulbronn, Wiirttemberg, Dec. 28, 1812; d. at Basel, blind and crippled, Sept. 16, 1879. He studied at Tubingen, took part in the insurrectionary movements in 1833, and was in consequence compelled to flee to Switzerland; became pastor at Glattfelden, Canton Zurich, 1842; resigned, 1853; removed to Zurich, and then to Basel. He wrote, from the sources and in a scholarly manner, a series of biographies which constituted a church
Boethius Bohemian