THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: The life of Bois, founded partly on his diary and written by Anthony Walker, is printed in Francis Peck's Desiderata curiosa, ii, 325-342, London, 1779, and additions to it by T. Baker are appended to Peck's Memoirs of . Oliver Cromwell, London, 1740. Consult also DKB, v, 311-313.
BOLINGBROKE, HENRY SAINT-JOHN, VIS- COUNT. See Deism, I, § 8.
BOLIVIA : A republic of western South America, bounded on the north and east by Brazil; on the south by Paraguay and Argentina; and on the west by Chile and Peru. The area is estimated at from 520,000 to 600,000 square miles, the population from 1,900,000 to 2,500,000, of whom 1,250,000 are Indians and over 500,000 half-breeds. The constitution adopted in 1826 after independence had been attained recognized Roman Catholicism as the state religion and prohibited the public exercise of any other form of faith, toleration existing only in new colonies. Nevertheless, the properties of the Church were confiscated and sold, only the bishops being allowed a moderate annual sum. Complete religious liberty was granted by the government in 1905.
In its hierarchical organization, Bolivia forms the province of La Plata, under the archbishop of La Plata (Chuquisaca de la Plata) or Sucre (diocese since 1.551; archdiocese since 1609 with 135 parishes). The suffragan bishoprics are those of Coehabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Cochabamba, founded in 1847, has fifty-six parishes; La Paz, founded 1608, has thirty-eight; and Santa Cruz, founded 1605, fifty-four. In addition to the secular clergy, members of orders, including the Jesuits, are actively engaged in missionary labors among the Indians, of whom some 200,000 still cling to their pagan faith. The schools among the converted Indians are under religious control. There are four seminaries for the clergy, six " universities," and sixteen higher schools.
The inaccessibility of Bolivia renders immigration, especially from Europe and North America, scanty. The number of Protestants in the country is accordingly small. There is a Presbyterian chapel in Sucre. Canadian Baptists have been engaged in missionary work in the country since 1898 and have organized churches at Oruro, La Paz, and Cochabamba. More recently the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States has entered the field with headquarters at La Paz. An interdenominational mission is being conducted at Cochabamba by Australians. The educational system is being reorganized under the direction of an American missionary.
Bibliography: Bolivia, issued by Bureau of American Republics, Washington, 1891, cf. the Annual Reports of the Bureau since then; A. Bellessont, La Jeune Amcrique. Chili et Bolivie, Paris, 1897; C. Matzenauer, Bolivia in historische r , geogra/ihischer und cultureller Hinsicht, Vienna, 1S97, J. S. Dennis, Centennial Surrey of Foreign Missions, New York, 1902; T. 0. Dawson, The South American Republic:', vol. ii, New York, 1904; J. Lee, Religious Libert;/ in South America; with special Reference to recent Legislation in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, Cincinnati, 1907.
BOLLAND, JAN, AND THE BOLLANDISTS:
The founder of the monumental hagiographical work known as the Acta Sanctorum Bollundis-
tarum (see Acta Martykum, Acta Sanctorum), and his associates. Bolland was born at Julemont, near Liege, Aug. 13, 1596; d. at Antwerp Sept. 12, 1665. He entered the Jesuit order in 1612, was ordained priest before 1625, and in 1630 was sent to Antwerp, where he began what was to prove his lifework, making use of the mass of accumulated material left by Heribert Rosweyde (q.v.), the originator of the idea, but largely extending the space contemplated by him. After working for thirteen years on the two volumes of January, he called to his aid two other Jesuits, Gottfried Henschen and Daniel Papebroch (qq.v.), who visited numerous libraries of Germany, Spain, and Italy in quest of material, and laid the foundation of the magnificent collection of 120,000 volumes which the Bollandists now possess. The first volume appeared at Antwerp in 1643, and the work went on without interruption until the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. Their house at Antwerp was to be turned into a military school, and there seemed little prospect of continuing their task until in 1776 the empress Maria Theresa made arrangements to help them, and two years later assigned them the Caudenberg monastery in Brussels as a home. Here they labored on as a company of secular priests until Joseph II interfered arbitrarily with their plans and finally, in 1788, forbade them to continue the publication, as a mere collection of old documents which could have but little interest for educated men. In the following year the Premonstratensians of the abbey of Tangerlo in Brabant offered to buy their library and continue the work. The sixth volume of October appeared there in 1794; but in 1796 the French Republic took possession of Belgium and dissolved the abbey; the manuscripts, however, were preserved in the Royal Library at Brussels. Though both Napoleon and the French Academy desired the continuation of the work, it was not found possible until 1837, when, under the inspiration of De Ram, rector of the University of Louvain, the Belgian Jesuits once more took it up, with the promise of an annual subsidy of 6,000 francs from the government. The editors are now at work on the month of November, and at the present rate of progress, it is hoped that the end of the twentieth century may see the completion of the gigantic work. The present Bollandists are also publishing (since 1882) an annual volume of Analecta Bollandiana, containing additional Latin, Greek, and Syriac texts, new dissertations, and corrections to the earlier part of the work; and since 1S90 they have also published a Bulletin de publications hagiographiques , a review of all new books bearing on the subject. They have published, in addition, two complete bibliographies (Greek, 1 vol., Latin, 2 vols.) of all the printed texts and other works on hagiography.
Bibliography: A memoir of Bolland is prefixed to vol. i for March of the ASB. Consult further J. M. Neale, Essays on Liturgiology, pp. 89-97, London, ISC'.'!; C. Dehaisnes, Les Oriaines des Acta Sanctorum, Douai, 1Si>9; (!. T. Stokes, The Bollandists, in Contemporary Review, xliii (1883), 69-84; B. Aube, Les Derniers Travaux des Bollandistes, in Revue des deux mondes, lxviii (1885), 169- 199.