RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bomberger Boniface
men of Paris and Lyons (1879); Life and Work
,0/ G. T. Dodds (1884).
Bibliography: Horatius Bonar, a Memorial, London, 1889- S W. Duffield, English Hymns, pp. 168-169 and passim, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 161-162; DNB, supplement vol. i, 231-232.
BONAVENTURA (Giovanni di Fidanza, called Doctor Seraphicus): Theologian; b. at Bagnorea (50 m. n.n.w. of Rome) 1221; d. at Lyons July 15, 1274. He entered the order of St. Francis probably in 1238; went to Paris, 1242 or 1243, and studied under Alexander of Hales; lectured there on the " Sentences " of Peter Lombard and on the Holy Scriptures till the university suspended lectures in 1255; was chosen general of his order, 1257; cardinal bishop of Albano, 1273. His last public act was an impressive speech delivered before the Council of Lyons in May, 1274, for the union of the Eastern and Western churches. He was canonized by Sixtus IV in 1482. In defense •of his order, before he became its general, during the contest between the Sorbonne and the mendicant monks, he wrote his De paupertate Christi, in reply to William of St. Amour's De periculis rwvissimorum temporum (1256); by a somewhat forced and sophistical argumentation he represents voluntary poverty as an element of moral perfection. Of his general views on monastic life he has given an exposition in his Determinationes qucestionum ■circa regulam Francisci. In his administration he was mild yet firm. As a teacher and author he occupies one of the most prominent places in the history of medieval theology; not so much, however, on account of any strongly pronounced ■originality as on account of the comprehensiveness of his views, the ease and clearness of his reasoning, and a style in which still linger some traces of the great charm of his personality. His mystical and devotional writings — as, for instance, De septem itineribus csternitatis — are almost imitations of Hugo of St. Victor. His dialectical writings are more independent. His Breviloquium (ed. Da Vicenza, 2d ed., Freiburg, 1881) is one of the best «xpositions of Christian dogmatics produced during the Middle Ages.
Bibliography: Bonaventura's works have been published in many editions, of which the best are that by Peltier, 15 vols., Paris, 1863-71, and that prepared by the Franciscans, 10 vols., Clairac, 1882-93. Of his real or supposititious works accessible in English translation, the following may be mentioned: The Mirror of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Dublin, 1849; Psalter of the Blessed Virgin, London, 1852; The Life of Christ, ib. 1881; The Month of Jesus Christ, ib. 1882; The Life of St. Francis of As- ■«wt, 4th ed., ib. 1898; St. Bonaventura's Instructions for the Season of Lent, ib. 1884; The Soul's Progress in God (transl. of the Itinerarium mentis in deum) is in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. xxi (1887).
For his life consult: ASB, July 14, vol. iii, pp. 838-860; Hwtmre htteraire de la France, xix, 266-291; A. M. aa Vicenza, Der heilige Bonaventura . in seinem Leben und Wirlcen, Germ, transl. from the Italian, Padero°ra, 1874; Le Cardinal S. Bonaventure . . sc vie, sa mortet son culte a Lyon, Lyons, 1875; L. C. Skey, Life of M- Bonaventure, London, 1889.
On his works consult: A. de Margerie, Essai sur la
Piilosophie de S. Bonaventure, Paris, 1855; W.A. Hollen-
»erg, btudwn zu Bonaventura, Berlin, 1862; J. Richard,
1873e F*H r mmticisme "Veculatif de S. Bonaventure, Paris,
, ifidehs a Fauna, Ratio nova collectionis operum om-
m™ Bonaventura:, Paris, 1874; A. Maria a Vicetia
et Johannes a Rubino, Lexicon Bonaventurianum philosophico-theologicum, Venice, 1880; J. Krause, Die Lehre des heiligen Bonaventura iiber die Natur der korperlichen und geistigen Wesen, Paderborn, 1888.
BOND, WILLIAM BENNETT: Anglican archbishop of Montreal and primate of all Canada; b. at Truro (8 m. n.n.e. of Falmouth), Cornwall, England, Sept. 10, 1815; d. at Montreal Oct. 9, 1906. He came to Newfoundland while in early youth and was educated at Bishop's College, Lennoxville, P Q., being oidered deacon in 1840 and ordained priest in the following year. After being successively a traveling missionary in 1840-42 and a missionary at Lachine. P. Q., in 1842-48, he was curate of St. George's, Montreal, from 1848 to 1860 and rector of the same church from 1860 to 1878. He was likewise archdeacon of Montreal in 1870-72 and dean in 1872-78. In the latter year he was consecrated archbishop of Montreal, and in 1901 was elected metropolitan of Canada, while in 1904 he became primate of all Canada. He was also president of the theological college of the diocese of Montreal.
BONET-MAURY, AMY GASTON CHARLES AU- GUSTE: French Protestant; b. at Paris Jan. 2, 1842. He was educated at the Lycee Napoleon (now College Henri IV), the Sorbonne (baccalaureat es lettres, 1860) and the universities of Geneva and Strasburg (1868). He was successively pastor of the Walloon Reformed Church at Dort in 1868-72 and of the French Reformed Church at Beauvais (Oise) in 1872-79. In 1879 he became professor of church history in the faculty of Protestant theology of the University of Paris, and now holds the same position in the Independent Divinity School of Paris. From 1885 to 1 889 he was librarian of the Musee P^dagogique. In theology he is a liberal evangelical. He wrote: Les Origines de la reforme a Beauvais (Paris, 1874); Gerard de Groote, un precurseur de la reforme au quatorziem,e siecle (1878); E quibus fontibus N ederlandicis hauserit scriptor libri cui titulus est De Imitatione Christi (1878); Des Origines du christianisme unitaire chez les Anglais (1881; Eng. transl., London, 1883); Arnauld de Brescia, un reformateur au douzieme siecle (Paris, 1881); De opera scholastica fratrum vitm communis in Nederlandia (1889); G. A. Burger et les origines anglaises de la ballade Htteraire en Allemagne (1890); Ignace Doellinger, 1799-1890 (1892); Lettres et declarations de J J I. Doellinger au sujet desdecrets du Vatican, traduites de VAllemand (1893); Le Congres des religions a Chicago en 189S (1895); Histoire de la liherte de conscience depuis VEdit de Nantes jusqu'd juillet 1870 (1900); Les Precurseurs de la reforme et de la liberte de conscience dans les pays latins du douzieme au quinzieme siecle (1904); Edgar Quinet, son azuvre religieuse et son charactere moral (1903); and L'Islamisme et le christianisme en Afrique (1906).
BONIFACE: The name of nine popes.
Boniface I: Pope 418-422. After the death of Zosimus, a part of the clergy and people chose the archdeacon Eulalius to succeed him (Dec. 27, 418); he was recognized by the prefect Symmachus and consecrated in the Lateran two days later. , But another faction held an election on the 28th, and
Boniface