THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: Lebensbeschreibung des Dr. Bolzano, new ed., Vienna, 1875 (an autobiography); Dr. Bolzano und seine Gegner. Ein Beitrag zur neuesten Literaturgeschichte, ib. 1839; A. Wisshaupt, Skizzen aus dem Leben B. Bolzanos, Leipsic, 1850.
BOMBERGER, JOHN HENRY AUGUSTUS:
Reformed (German); b. at Lancaster, Penn., Jan. 13, 1817: d. at Collegeville, Penn., Aug. 19, 1890. He was graduated at Marshall College, 1837, and at the Theological Seminary, Mercersburg, Penn., 1838; served as pastor of German Reformed Churches in Pennsylvania till 1870, when he became president of Ursinus College at Collegeville. He began a condensed translation of the first edition of Herzog's Realencyklopddie of which two volumes were published (Philadelphia, 1856-60), embracing vols, i-vi of the original; he issued a revised translation of Kurtz's Text-book of Church History (Philadelphia, 1860), and edited The Reformed Church Monthly (in opposition to the " Mercersburg theology "), 1868-77- He also published Infant Salvation in its Relation to Infant Depravity, Infant Regeneration, and Infant Baptism (1859); Five Years at the Race Street Church [Philadelphia], with an ecclesiastical appendix (1860); The Revised Liturgy, a history and criticism of the ritualistic movement in the German Reformed Church (1867); Reformed, not Ritualistic : a reply to Dr. Nevin's " Vindication " (1867).
BONA, GIOVANNI: Roman Catholic theological writer; b. at Mondovi (55 m. w. of Genoa), Piedmont, Oct. 19, 1609; d. in Rome Oct. 28, 1674. He came of an old French family, and in his fifteenth year entered the Italian congregation of reformed Cistercians, becoming later prior, abbot, and general. Clement IX made him a cardinal in 1669, and he acquired a great reputation for both piety and learning. His most important writings are ascetical and liturgical. To the latter class belong his Psallentis ecclesice harmonia (Rome, 1553), a historical, symbolic, and ascetic treatise on the psalmody of the Church, and the still better known Rerum liturgicarum libri ii (Rome, 1671), a sober and learned investigation of liturgical antiquities. The first complete edition of his works appeared at Antwerp, 1677, followed by several others.
BONALD, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VI- COMTE DE: French political and philosophical writer; b. at Monna, near Millau (130 m. w.n.w. of Marseilles), Aveyron, Oct. 2, 1754; d. there Nov. 23, 1840. He emigrated in 1791 and settled at Heidelberg; returned to France in 1797, lived in concealment fo» a time, and then was allowed to proceed to his estates; in 1808 he was appointed councilor of the Imperial University, and, after the Restoration, member of the Council of Public Instruction; from 1815 to 1822 he was member of the chamber of deputies, in 1N22 minister of state, and in 1823 was made a peer of France; after 1830 he retired to private life. He was one of the leaders of the reactionary school to which belonged De Maistrc, D'Eckstein, Ballanche, Lamcnnais, and others, which started with the principle
that revelation and not observation is the true ground of philosophy; absolutism in politics and ecclesiastical despotism in religion were in his view the natural and desirable order of things. The most noteworthy of his many writings were Theorie du pouvoir politique et religieux (3 vols., Constance, 1796); La Legislation primitive (3 vols., Paris, 1802); Recherches philosophiques sur les premiers objets des connaissances morales (2 vols., 1818). His collected works were published in twelve volumes in 1817-19 and again in three volumes in 1859. His second son, Louis Jacques Maurice, b. at Millau Oct. 30, 1787, d. at Lyons Feb. 25, 1870, became bishop of Puy in 1823, archbishop of Lyons in 1839, cardinal in 1841; he was a strong Ultramontane.
Bibliography: Victor de Bonald, De la vie et des ecrits du vicomte de Bonald, Avignon, 1853 (by his son); J. Blanchon, Le Cardinal de Bonald , sa vie et ses ceuvret,
Lyons, 1870.
BONAR, ANDREW ALEXANDER: Free Church of Scotland; b. at Edinburgh May 29, 1810, youngest brother of Horatius Bonar (q.v.); d. in Glasgow Dec. 30, 1892. He studied at Edinburgh; was minister at Collace, Perthshire, 1838-56, ot the Finnieston Church, Glasgow, 1856 till his death. He joined the Free Church in 1843, and was its moderator in 1878. He was identified with evangelical and revival movements and adhered to the doctrine of premillenialism. With the Rev. R. M. McCheyne he visited Palestine in 1839 tc inquire into the condition of the Jews there, and published A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry tc the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839 (Edinburgh, 1842); he also published a Memoir of Mr McCheyne (1845); a Commentary on Leviticut (1846); Redemption Drawing Nigh, a defence oj Premillenialism (1847); Christ and his Church in the Book of Psalms (1859); edited Samuel Rutherford's Letters (1863); and wrote many tracts, pamphlets, and minor biographies.
Bibliography: A. A. Bonar, Diary and Letters, edited bj his daughter, Marjory Bonar, London, 1895, who published also a volume of Reminiscences, ib. 1895.
BONAR, HORATIUS : Free Church of Scotland; b. in Edinburgh Dec. 19, 1808; d. there July 31, 1889. He studied at Edinburgh; became ministei at Kelso 1837, at the Chalmers Memorial Church Edinburgh, 1866; with his congregation he joined the Free Church in 1843. He was a premillenarian and expressed his views in books, such as Prophetical Landmarks (London, 1847), and in the Quarterly Journal of Prophecy, which he founded in 1849 He is best known for his poems and hymns which include " What a friend we have in Jesus," " I heard the voice of Jesus say," and others equally familiar. The best known collections of his verse are Hymnt of Faith and Hope (3 vols., 1857-Go); The Song of the New Creation and other pieces (1872); Hymtu of the Nativity (1878); Songs of Love and Joy (1SSS1; Until the Daybreak and other hymns left behind (1890). His prose publications, besides sermons, tracts, etc., include The Night of Weeping, or wordi for the suffering family of God (1S46); God's Way of Peace (1862); The White Fields of France or the story of Mr. McAll's mission to the working-
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