RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Borborites Borowski
cherbriefe (1894; in Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar iiberdasXeue Testament); Historische und praktische Theoloqie (Basel, 1898); Die Allegorie in Kunst, Wissenschaft und Kirche (Freiburg, 1899); Einfuhrung in die evangelische Missionskunde (Tubingen, 1902); and Bete und Arbeite ! (Leipsic, 1904; a collection of sermons). He likewise translated the " Confessions " of St. Augustine (Gotha, 1889).
BORNHAEUSER, bern-hei'zer, KARL BERN- HARD: German Lutheran; b. at Mannheim (43 m. s.w. of Frankfort) May 19, 1868. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Greifswald, and was pastor at Sinsheim (1890-94) and Carlsruhe (1894-1902). In 1902 he became associate professor of systematic and practical theology at Greifswald, and in 1905-06 was also assistant to the professor of practical theology at Halle. Became professor of systematic and practical theology at Marburg, 1907. He has written Vergottungslehre des Athanasius und Johannes Damascenus (Giitersloh, 1903); and Wollte Jesus die Heidenmission? (1903).
BORNHOLMERS: Danish sect of the nineteenth century. During the first part of the century different parts of Sweden were permeated with sects which emphasized the gospel of the free and unmerited grace of God in Christ. About 180.5 the Nya Ldsare ("New Readers") originated in the congregation at Pitea in Norrbotten, deviating from the old Ldsare, who adhered to the Lutheran doctrines, by asserting that saving faith may be found in those whose hearts are still attached to sin and the world, and by regarding the importance attributed to the law as a temptation to Pharisaical self-righteousness. In the course of time this party, headed by a soldier named Erik Stalberg, broke with the State Church, and finally the " New Readers " declared that the ministers of the latter preached the doctrine of the devil. In the fifth decade of the century, the Finnish preacher Frederik Gabriel Hedberg, afterward provost and preacher at Kimito in the archbishopric of Abo, evolved similar views in a work on " Pietism and Christianity," in which he accused Spener and his followers of teaching that man must be holy and pure before he can rely on the unmerited grace in Christ, whereas Hedberg seems to have regarded man as a soul hungering for grace, but utterly unable to aid himself in the attainment of salvation. In 1846 a party of Hedbergians was formed at Stockholm and Helsingland which rejected all preaching of repentance. A like tendency was manifested by the sect headed by Karl Olof Rosenius (b. 1816; d. 1868), who had been greatly influenced by the Methodist George Scott, who labored in the Swedish capital. Rosenius, who sought to remain a true Lutheran throughout his life, emphasized the grace of God in Christ. His sermons and his magazine, which he entitled Pietisten, although he was opposed to the legalism of the Pietists, exercised an important influence on the religious life of Sweden. Hedbergianism and the writings of Rosenius gave rise between 1850 and 1870 to a new evangelical party in many parts of Sweden, whose sole dogma was the for-
giveness of sins without merit of the sinner, and whose watchword, " the worldis justifiedin Christ," won them many proselytes not only in Sweden and Norway, but also in the American Synod of Missouri. The new evangelism found a fertile soil in the Danish island of Bornholm (in the Baltic Sea, 90 m. e. of Zealand), which became the center of propaganda for a part of Denmark. The movement was inaugurated by P C. Trandberg, a powerful preacher of repentance, who had broken with the State Church, and by 1863 had gathered about him almost a thousand followers. Trandberg sent out laypreachers, and the " Bornholmers," as they were called, were soon found in North Zealand, Copenhagen, Lolland, Falster, and West Jutland. His adherents gradually lost confidence in him, however, and in 1877 he resigned. Later he became professor in the Dano-Norwegian department of Chicago Theological Seminary and died in 1896. As a rule, the Bornholmers are pious and earnest, and their antinomistic theory usually becomes nomistic, and even quasipietistic in practise, thus forming a bond of union between them and the " Inner Mission " in Denmark, and making them one of the means to awaken spiritual life in many of the Danish people. F. NiELSENf.
BOROWSKI, bo-rev'ski, LUDWIG ERNST VON: A prominent Prussian evangelical preacher; b. at Konigsberg June 17, 1740, of a well-to-do Polish family which had emigrated on account of its religion; d. in Berlin Nov. 10, 1831. In his fourteenth year he went to the University of Konigsberg, where he was one of Kant's earliest pupils, practised oratory, and showed an inclination toward literature. His theological convictions were not influenced by Kant, despite a lasting personal devotion, but rather by the supernaturalist school. In 1758 Kant recommended him to General von Knobloch as a tutor in his family; but before long Field-marshal von Kunheim, impressed by Borowski's oratorical gifts, urged him to become a military chaplain. This career he finally took up in 1762, being ordained by Sussmilch, and joining his regiment in the camp at Sorau soon afterward. He remained with the army until 1770, when Sussmilch had him appointed superintendent of the district of Schaaken in East Prussia. Here he labored diligently for twelve years, until he was called to a pastoral charge in his native town. The development of his preaching powers and theological knowledge won him increasing prominence; in 1793 the king appointed him a member of the special commission on churches and schools, and he received the title of consistorial councilor in 1804. When the storms of war burst over Germany, he rose to the height of the occasion, and his eloquent exhortations had a deep effect on Frederick William III and his queen, who resided in Konigsberg from 1807 to 1809. The king's warm affection and respect continued to be shown through the years that followed. In 1812 he made Borowski general superintendent, in 1815 first court preacher, in 1816 a bishop, and in 1829 archbishop of the Prussian Evangelical Church. These last years of his life, old as he was, were full of incessant activity;
Borrhaus Bosse