THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Ens:, transl. by A. H. Keane, London, 1896); Kommentar zur Offenbarung des Johannes (in the Kritisch-e.regetischer Kommentar zum Xeuen Testa- 7nent,189Q); Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (Berlin, 1903; 2d ed., 1906); Das Wcsender Religion (Halle, 1903); Was wissenivirvon Jesus? (1904); Jesus (Halle, 1904; Eng. transl., London, 1906); and Erklarung des Galater-und ersten und zu-eiten Korintherbriefes, in J. Weiss's Schriften des Xeuen Testaments neu iibersetzt (Gottingen, 1905). Since 1S97 he has edited the Theologische Rundschau in collaboration with W Heitmiiller, and the Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Xeuen Testaments in collaboration with H. Gunkel since 1903.
BOUTHILLIER, bu"til"lye', DE RANCE, AR- MAND JEAN LE. See Trappists.
BOWEN, GEORGE: Methodist Episcopal foreign missionary; b. at Middlebury, Vt., April 30, 1816; d. in Bombay, India, Feb. 5, 1888. He was graduated at Union Theological Seminary, New York City, in 1847; was ordained by the presbytery of New York, and the same year went to Bombay under the American Board. He spent the rest of his life in that city, but severed his connection with the American Board in 1855 and was an independent missionary till 1872 when he connected himself with the Methodist Episcopal missionary society. He edited the Bombay Guardian from 1S54 on; and was also the secretary of the Religious Tract Society of Bombay. By the volumes which have been made up from his writings he has helped many spiritually. They are: Daily Meditations (Philadelphia, 1865); Discussions by the Seaside (Bombay, 1857); Love revealed. Meditations on the parting words of Jesus with his disciples in John xiii. to xvii. (Philadelphia, 1872); Verily, Verily. The Amens of Christ (1879).
BOWEN, JOHN WESLEY EDWARD : Methodist Episcopalian; b. at New Orleans, La., Dec. 3, 1855. He was educated at the University of New Orleans (B.A., 1878) and Boston University (Ph.D., 1887). After acting as professor of ancient languages at Central Tennessee College, Nashville, Tenn., from 1878 to 1882, he held successive pastorates at Boston (1882-85), Newark, N. J. (1885lSNS), and Baltimore and Washington (1888-92), while during the latter incumbency he was likewise professor of church history and systematic theology in Morgan College, Baltimore, and also professor of Hebrew in Howard University, Washington, in 1801-92. Since 1893 he has been president and professor of historical theology in Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Ga. He was a member and examiner of the American Institute of Sacred Literature in 1SN0-93, as well as secretary and librarian of the Stewart Missionary Foundation for Africa. He was likewise a member of the general conferences of 1896, 1900, and 1904, and from 1892 to 1900 was a member of the board of control of the Epworth League. He is the editor of The Voice, The Xegro, and the Stewart Missionary Magazine, and has written National Sermons, Africa and the American Xegro (Philadelphia, 1891);
University Addresses (Atlanta, 1895): Discussions in Philosophy and Theology (1895); and The United Negro (1902).
BOWER, ARCHIBALD : Professed convert from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism; b. at Dundee Jan. 17, 1686; d. in London Sept. 3, 1766. He was educated at Douai, went to Italy, became a Jesuit 1706, and in 1723 was made a counselor of the Inquisition at Macerata, Italy. In 1726 he fled secretly to England, and, after some years, joined the Established Church; he gained influential patrons, who procured him employment in literary work and teaching. In 1745 he was readmitted into the Society of Jesus, but, after two years, again professed to leave the Church of Rome. His principal publication was the History of the Popes (7 vols., London, 1748-66; reprinted with a continuation by S. H. Cox, 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1844-45), which was attacked by Alban Butler and John Douglas as a mere translation of Tillemont and earlier writers without proper acknowledgment. Bower's character for virtue as well as veracity is not above suspicion.
Bibliography: The DNB, vi, 48-51, furnishes a succinct account of his life and the charges against him, with a list of literature upon him.
BOWMAN, THOMAS: The name of two contemporary American bishops.
1. Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Berwick, Pa., July 15, 1817. He was educated at Dickinson College (B.A., 1837), and two years later entered the Baltimore conference of the Methodist ministry. He taught in the grammar-school of Dickinson College in 1840-43, and five years later founded Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, Pa., of which he was the president until 1858, when he was chosen president of Asbury (now De Pauw) University, Greencastle, Ind. In 1864- 1865 he was also chaplain of the United States Senate. He resigned the presidency of Asbury University in 1872, when he was elected bishop, and since that time has officially visited all the conferences of his denomination in the United States, Europe, India, China, Japan, and Mexico.
2. Bishop of the Evangelical Association; b. in Lehigh township, Northampton County, Pa., May 28, 1836. He studied at the Vanderveers Seminary, Easton, Pa., and entered the ministry of the Evangelical Association. He was pastor in the eastern Pennsylvania conference 1859-75, and was presiding elder of the same conference 1S70-75. He has been a bishop since 1875, and since 189ij principal of the Union Biblical Institute at Xupersville, 111., which is the theological seminary of the Evangelical Association. He characterizes his theological position as " Arminian-evangelical." He has published a revision of the catechism of his Church, also an account of the disturbance in the Evangelical Association.
BOWNE, BORDEN PARKER: American educator; b. at Leonardville, N. J., Jan. 14, 1847 Died at Brookline, Mass., Apr. 1, 1910. He wa; educated at the University of New York (B.A. 1871), and studied at Halle, Gottingen, and Paris From 1876 he was professor of philosophy at Bos-