THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
(1875). He entered the Methodist ministry in 1875, and held successive pastorates at Portchester, N. Y., Brooklyn, N. Y., and Hartford, Conn., in 1875-84. In the latter year he studied at the universities of Cambridge, Berlin, and Heidelberg, and returned to the United States as professor of Now Testament Greek and exegesis in Boston University, a position which he still holds. He was also assistant dean in 1885-89 and dean in 1S89-1904. He is a member of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis and of the Harvard Biblical Club, and has written, in addition to a number of minor contributions, Studies in the Greek Text of the Gospel of Mark (Boston, 1890).
BUG BIBLE. See Bible Versions, B, IV., § 9.
BUGENHAGEN, bu"gen-he'gen, JOHANN: A leader of the German Reformation; b. at Wollin (29 m. n. of Stettin), Pomerania, June 24, 1485; d. at Wittenberg Apr. 20, 1558. He was educated at the University of Greifswald, paying special attention to the Latin classics. In his eighteenth year he was placed in charge of the school at Treptow on the Rega, which he made famous far and wide by the thorough Renaissance devotion to study which he inculcated. In 1509 he was ordained priest, though without any special theological training Humanism, in fact, Early Life, strongly influenced his theology. He turned away from the schoolmen to seek a purer doctrine in the early Fathers, and by Erasmus, whom he considered to represent them, was brought to a deep study of the Bible. In 1517 he was appointed to lecture on the Bible and the Fathers in the new monastic school of Belbuck. A journey throughout Pomerania in search of documents to aid in Spalatin's historical work led to the publication of its results in his Pomerania (1518), in which he foreshadows his later career by incidental attacks on the preachers of indulgences; and a sermon delivered before a clerical assembly in 1519 (or 1520) is even more outspoken in its reproof of abuses. Not long after, Luther's writings fell into his hands. He was at first shocked by the Capti vitas Babylonica, but further reading convinced him of its truth. An earnest correspondence with Luther followed, and in 1521 Bugenhagen went to Wittenberg, sending back to Treptow a long letter in which he declared his adhesion to his new master's doctrines.
He matriculated at the university, made friends
with Melanchthon, and began to expound the
Psalms to an increasing audience. The swift
development of practical reform carried him with it,
and he married in 1522, in spite of the uncertainty
of his future. Luther exerted himself to find a
posit'on for him, and, a vacancy occurring in the
principal church of Wittenberg, put his useful
follower in, despite the protests of the
At Wit- capitular body to whom the right of
tenberg. nomination really belonged Here
Bugenhagen busied himself in many
practical pastoral works, finding time for literary
activity also; he helped in the Low German edition
of Luther's New Testament (1524), and in the same
year published his lectures on the Psalms and Latin
commentaries on several other books of Scripture. These, as well as some German treatises on practical piety, made his name known, and he was called to St. Nicholas's church at Hamburg. The town council objected, and the proposal fell through. Bugenhagen came, however, to the help of the evangelical community in Hamburg in the following year by his tractate Von dem Christenloven und rechten guden Werken (published 1526; High German version in Vogt), which is one of the best popular presentations of the Lutheran teaching. In 1525 he officiated at Luther's marriage, and wrote a defense of the married clergy. Besides his faithful pastoral labors, continued even through the plague of 1527, he took part in the general movement of the Reformation by a letter " to the Christians in England " (1525), by taking a prominent part against Zwingli and Butzer in the eucharistic controversy, and by new exegetical works.
Bugenhagen's forte, however, was organization, which he carried forward in many parts of North Germany, in both ecclesiastical and educational matters. The results of his activity were seen, for example, in the new church constitutions of Brunswick, Hamburg, Ltibeck, and Pomerania. In 1535 he came back to spend two years in his duties at Wittenberg, and became a member of the theological faculty. He was called away once more in 1537 to superintend the carrying out of the reforming movement in Denmark, which had been begun the year before, when Christian III. had broken the power His of the bishops and confiscated their Ability as property. He revised the proposed an Organ- constitution, crowned the king and izer. queen at Copenhagen, ordained seven evangelical theologians as superintendents to take the place of the expelled bishop?, and reorganized the university, which he governed for a time as rector, working meanwhile at his great commentary on the Psalms, not completed till 1544. Returning home in the spring of 1539, he took part in the thorough revision of Luther's Bible, and stood by him in the conflict with Agricola (see Anti-