RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bulgaria Bullinger
century. A change set in under Bogoris (c. 852- 888) who in his contests with both Franks and Greeks held out hopes of a conversion as an inducement for peace. In 864 he seems to have entered the Greek Church, and received in return a considerable slice of territory. In Constantinople his conversion was considered genuine, and Photius took pains to instruct him at some length in the duties of a Christian prince. The Bulgarians were apparently less delighted, and rose in armed revolt. The wily barbarian, however, had one eye on the West, and at the same time sent an embassy to Pope Nicholas I., with a number of questions on which he sought enlightenment from Rome. Nicholas immediately sent two bishops to take possession of the Bulgarian territory for the Church, and answered the questions of Bogoris with much more painstaking seriousness than they deserved. Another embassy went to Louis the German to ask that Christian missionaries might be sent. In 867 Louis commissioned Bishop Ermanrich of Passau and a numerous retinue of priests to set out for the Danube. Charlemagne followed by raising a large sum to provide books and church utensils for the Bulgarians. But all this interest was thrown away. When Ermanrich reached Bulgaria, he found the field already occupied by priests from Rome, and returned to Germany. The communion with Rome lasted but a few years longer. Bogoris requested the appointment of Formosus of Porto (one of the two original Roman missionaries) as archbishop, and proposed another candidate when Nicholas declined; when this second nomination was rejected by Adrian II. he lost patience and turned to Constantinople. His envoys took part there in the final session of the Eighth Ecumenical Council (870), and after its close, in spite of the protests of the Roman legates, declared that Bulgaria belonged to the patriarchate of Constantinople. The Roman clergy were obliged to leave and the patriarch Ignatius organized the church by the consecration of a metropolitan and several bishops. Adrian II. protested (871), but in vain, and the efforts of John VIII. to reopen the question were equally fruitless; Bulgaria remained, as, indeed, its geographical situation demanded, a part of the Greek Church. (A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: C. Jirecek, Geschichte der Bulgaren, Prague, 1876; idem, Das Furstentum Bulgarien, ib. 1891; La Bulgarie chrelienne. Etude historique, Paris, 1861; Legemles religieuses bulgares, traduites par Lydia Schischmanoff, ib. 1896.
BULGARIS, bul-ga'ris, EUGENIOS, e"u-ge'm-es: Russian prelate; b. in the island of Corfu Aug. 10, 171G; d. at St. Petersburg June 10, 1806. He was educated at Padua, and taught in various schools and at the academy of Athos from 1755 to 1759. His orthodoxy being impugned, he went to the West, and was recommended by Frederick the Great to Catharine II. of Russia, who appointed him bishop of Slovensk and Kherson. In 1801 he retired to the monastery of Alexander Nevsky. vulgaris was a very gifted and learned man, and contributed toward making Western culture accessible to his people. Together with Korals, he may be regarded as the founder of modern culture in
Greece. He was an eclectic in philosophy, and was familiar with all branches of theology. Among his numerous works (in Greek), special mention may be made of his "Orthodox Confession" (Amsterdam, 1767), written against the Jesuit Leclerc, but also opposing the Protestants; and his "Address on Tolerance" (1768), denying the State the right of intolerance toward adherents of other creeds than that of the national church. His principal work was the " Dogmatic Theology " (ed. Lontopulos, Venice, 1872), the first real Greek treatise on dogmatics since the Middle Ages. It is divided into four parts, treating of God, the Trinity, anthropology, and Christology. Among his historical writings the most important was the " First Century from the Incarnation of Christ the Saviour " (Leipsic, 1805), while to the department of practical theology belongs the " Pious Talk " (2 vols., 1801), a moralistic exposition of the Pentateuch. He also translated several writings of Augustine, and such works as the De processione Spiritus sancti of Zoernikau (St. Petersburg, 1797). He likewise edited the works of Joseph Bryennius, and assisted in the editing of the works of Theodoret (Halle, 1768). Philipp Meyer.
Bibliography: P. Strahl, Das gelehrte Russland, Leipsic, 1828 (from Russian sources); A. P. Vretos, Biographie de Varchevique E. Bulgari, Athens, 1860; A. D. Kyriakos, Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen, Leipsic, 1902.
BULL, GEORGE: Bishop of St. David's; b. at Wells, Somersetshire, Mar. 25, 1634; d. at Brecon, Wales, Feb. 17, 1710. He studied at Oxford but did not take a degree; became minister of St. George's, near Bristol, 1655; rector of Suddington St. Mary's, near Cirencester, 1658, to which was joined the vicarage of the adjoining parish of St. Peter's 1662; rector of Avening, Gloucester, 1685. From 1678 to 1686 he was a prebendary of Gloucester; from 1686 to 1705 archdeacon of Llandaff. He became bishop of St. David's, Wales, in 1705. His fame rests upon his Defensio fidei Niccence, published originally in Latin in 1685 and received with marked approval by Protestant and Roman Catholic (e.g., Bossuet and Jurieu) scholars everywhere; it is still a classic. In English translation, it appears in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, together with his Harmonia Apostolica (4 vols., Oxford, 1851-53).
Bibliography: His complete works appeared in 7 vols., 1827, with the life by Robert Nelson (originally 1713, separately 1840). The DNB, vii. 236-23S, gives a very satisfactory account of his life.
BULL, PAPAL. See Briefs, Bulls, and Btjllaria.
BULLINGER, bul'lin-ger, HEINRICH.
Conversion to Protestantism Eucharistic Teachings (§ 6).
(§1). The Helvetic and Zurich Con-
Friendship with Zwingli (§ 2). fessions and the Consen- The Successor of Zwingli sus Tigurinus (§ 7).
(§ 3). His Part in the Second Hel-
Political Activity (§ 4). vetic Confession (§ 8).
Pastoral and Educational Ac- Views on the Relation of
tivity (§ 5). Church and State (§ 9).
The Works of Bullinger (§ 10).
Heinrich Bullinger was a Swiss Reformer; b. at Bremgarten (14i m. e.s.e. of Aargau) July 18, 1504; d. at Zurich Sept. 17, 1575. He was the son of a priest, who looked after his bringing up. After receiv-
Bulling-er