(THEODOR SCHOTTf.)
Bibliography: For sources from the Roman Catholic standpoint consult: C. J. de la Baume, Relation historique de la revolte des Camisards, ed. Goiffon, Nimes, 1874; J. B. Louvreleuil, Le Fanatisme renouvele, Avignon, 1704- 1707; Lettres choisies de FUchier avec une relation des fanatiques du Vivarez, Paris, 1715 (partizan); Memoires de I'intendant Baville, Amsterdam, 1734 (serviceable); Memoires de Villars, The Hague, 1734 (brief but impartial). Written from the Protestant side are: M. Misson, Le Theatre sacre des Cevennes, London, 1707 (by an eyewitness, but partizan and unreliable); J. Cavalier, Memoirs of the Wars of the Cevennes, ib. 1712 (inaccurate). In the Bulletin de la societe de I'histoire du protestantisme fran^ais are Le Camp des enfants de Dieux, 18C7, pp. 273 sqq., and the memoirs of Monbonnoux, 1873, pp. 72 sqq. Read also Memoires de Rossel d'Aigaliers, ed. G. Frosterus, in Bibliotheque Universelle, March-May, 1806, and A. Jager, Spiritus miraculosus in provincia Sevennensi regnans, Tubingen, 1712. Consult further: A. Court, Histoire de troubles des Cevennes, Villefranche, 1760, ed. Alais, 1819 (rich and reliable); I. C. K. Hofmann, Geschichte des Aufruhrs in den Sevennen unter Ludwig XIV., Nordlingen, 1837 (also valuable); N. Peyrat, Histoire des pasteurs du desert, Paris, 1842 (picturesque but unreliable); G. Frosterus, Les Insurges protestants sous Louis XIV., ib. 1868 (of importance); E. Bonnemere, Histoire des Camisards, Paris, 1869; S. Smiles, Huguenots in France After the Edict of Nantes, London, 1877; C. Tylor, Huguenots in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 255 sqq., London, 1892; H. M. Baird, The Camisard Uprising, in Papers of the American Church Hist. Society, ii. 13-34, New York, 1890; idem, Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict oj Nantes, vol. ii., ib. 1895.
Campanella Campbell
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
CAMPANELLA, T0MAS0: Italian monk and philosopher; b. at Stilo (50 m. n.e. of Reggio), Calabria, Sept. .3. 1508; d. in Paris May 21, 1639. He entered the Dominican order at the age of fifteen; studied philosophy and theology at Cosenza and Naples, and added to his other accomplishments a knowledge of medicine, astrology, alchemy, and magic. He boldly rejected the Aristotelian system and chose to study nature rather than authority whereby he made many and powerful opponents. After wandering through Italy for a number of years he returned to Cosenza in 1598, and the next year was arrested by the government, charged, probably truthfully, with being implicated in a conspiracy to free Naples from the Spanish dominion. His political and social views were undeniably dangerous. He was kept in prison till 1626, when Pope Urban VIII. succeeded in having him transferred to the Inquisition, and in 1629 set him free. For a few years he lived at Rome, but, not feeling secure there, in 1634 he went to Paris, where he was received with favor by Cardinal Richelieu. His last years were spent in preparing a complete edition of his works, of which, however, only one or two volumes appear to have b^-en published. The philosophy which Campanella would substitute for that of Aristotle was incomplete and fantastic, influenced by Thomas Aquinas, Bernardino Telesio (b. at Cosenza 1508), Raymund Lully, and the Cabala, but in part independent and in certain points anticipatory of the work of more modern thinkers. He held that God has made a twofold revelation of himself, in nature and in the Bible; on the one rests philosophy, en the other theology. These have nothing to do the one with the other. He was thus able to take a very conservative position in theology, and stoutly defended Roman Catholicism and the papacy (as in his Monarchies Messios and Discorsi della libcrta e della felice suggettione alio stato ecclesiastico, Jesi, 1633). Certainty, he taught, is found only in immediate intuitions; the first truth is that I exist; then that I can, that I know, and that I want or will; these three activities indicate the fundamental qualities of all being (potentia, sapientia, amor). He believed that matter is eternal and that the world was created through emanations from the deity. His views concerning society and the State were communistic; they are set forth in his Civitas solis, idea reipubliac philosophies, printed as an appendix to part iii. (politica) of his Real is philosophies epilogisticw partes iv, hoc est, de rerum natura, hominum moribus, politico, et ceconomica (Frankfort, 1623); there is an English translation (incomplete) by T. W. Halliday in Ideal Commonwealths, vol. xxiii. of " Morley's Universal Library" ( London, 1885).
Bibliography: Campanella is said to have written eightytwo works, most of them during his long imprisonment. He gives some account of them in his De libris propriis et recta ratione studendi syjituf/ma, ed. G. Naude1, Paris, 1*34:2. Among the more important of those which have been published, besides the ones already mentioned, are: Philusophia sensibus demonstrata, a defense of Telesio, Naples, 1590; Prodromus pliilntuiphia' i nxtaurandce, Frankfort, 1617; De sensu rerum et mania, 1620; Apolugia pro Galiteo, 1*122; Astrologicorum lihrl rti, 1630; Atheismus triumphatus, Rome, 1631; Medicinulium libri
vii, Lyons, 1635; De gcntilismo non retinendo and De pra'destinatione contra Thomisticos, Paris, 1636; Philosophies rationalis partes v, videlicet grammatica, dialectica, rhctorica, pnclica, historiographia, 1638; Universalis philosophic sen metaphysicarum rerum juxla propria dogmata partes Hi, lil>ri xviii, 1638; De monarchia hispanica, Amsterdam, 1640, 1'jntf. transl., A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy, London, 1654. A selection from his works by A. d'Ancona appeared in 2 volumes at Turin, 1854. His sonnets have been translated into English by J. A. Symonds with the sonnets of Michelangelo, London, 1878. For his life and criticism of his writings and teachings consult: Cyprian, Vita et philosophia T, Campanella, Amsterdam, 1705, 2d ed., 1722; M. Baldacchini, Vita e filosofia di T. Campanella, Naples, 1840; Berti, La vita e le opere di T. Campanella, Rome, 1878; L. Amabile, Fra Tommaso Campanella, la sua congiura, i suoi processi, e la sua pazzia, 3 vols., Naples, 1882; idem, L'andata di Fra T. Campanella a Roma dopo la lunga prigionia di Napoli, ib. 1886; idem, Fra T. Campanella ne' castelli di Napoli, in Roma ed in Parigi, 2 vols., ib. 1887; idem, Del carattere di Fra T. Campanella, ib. 1890; E. Nys, T. Campanella et ses theories politiques, Brussels, 1889; G. S. Felici, Le dottrine filosofico-religiose di T. Campanella, Lanciano, 1895; P. Lafargue, in Die Vorlaujer des neueren Socialismus, pp. 469—506, Stuttgart, 1895; von Koslowski, Die Erkenntnislehre Campanellas, Leipsic, 1897.
CAMPANUS, cam-pa'nus, JOHANNES: Reformer; b. at Maeseyck (17 m. n.e. of Maastricht) in Belgium; d. at Jiilich (Juliers, 15 m. n.e. of Aachen) c. 1575. He studied at Cologne, whence he was expelled in 1520 for opposing the scholastic doctors; went to Jiilich and was noted for his vehement Lutheranism ; went to Wittenberg in 1527; was present at the Conference of Marburg in 1529, and surprised both sides by his presentation of the view that the bread is indeed bread and at the same time the body of Christ because he makes it so. He was not, however, allowed to take part in the debate. This snub and others incurred by his tendency to unorthodox views turned him against the Reformers and them against him. He was called insane because he would not yield to their arguments. So he was repeatedly imprisoned and died a prisoner. In 1530 he prepared a book in Latin and German " Against All the World Since the Apostles " and circulated it in manuscript — no complete or printed copy is known to exist, but extracts have been preserved in a manuscript by Bugenhagen (cf. ZHT, 1846, pp. 495 sqq.). In 1532 one of his followers, Franz von Streitten, published a popular restatement of his views which he dedicated to King Frederick of Denmark. He taught that the Holy Spirit was not the Third Person but the common essence of the two, while the Son was not coeternal with the Father but, created out of his essence, before all creatures. lie was likewise an Anabaptist and in general a radical.
(A. HEGLERf) K. Holl. Bibliography: F. S. Bock, Historia antitrinitariorum , ii. 244 sqq., Leipsic, 1784; G. J. Dlabacz, Biographie des J. Campanus, miteinem \Terzeichnisse seiner Schrij't-
en, Prague, 1804; K. Uembert, Die " Wiedertiiufer " im Jiilich, Berlin, 1899; J. Kostlin, Martin Luther, vol. ii. passim, Berlin, 1903.
CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER: Founder of the Disciples of Christ (q.v.); b. near Ballymena (a mile from Shane's Castle on the northern shore of Lough Neagh), County Antrim, Ireland. Sept. 12, 1788; d. at Bethany, W Va., Mar. 4. 1800 He