THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Francois Xavier de Laval-Montmorency (q.v.) was
named vicar apostolic of New France, becoming
first bishop of Quebec in 1674. Under
The Ro- him the church system was fully or-
man Cath- ganized. For some time after the
olic conquest, the see of Quebec remained
Church. vacant, as the English Government would recognize its occupant only as the head of the Roman Church in Canada, and not as the bishop of that city. The difficulty was, however, overcome. In 1819 Joseph Octave Plessis (bishop of Quebec from 1806) became the first Canadian archbishop.
As organized at present the Roman Catholic Church of Canada has an apostolic delegate (first appointed by Leo XIII.), who resides at Ottawa. There are eight provinces, twenty dioceses, and four vicariates apostolic, as follows:
Province of Halifax (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick; the Bermuda Islands also form a part of the archdiocese of Halifax); archdiocese, Halifax (founded a? the vicariate apostolic of Nova Scotia, 1817; diocese, 1842; archdiocese, 1852); dioceses, Antigonish (founded as the diocese of Arichat, 1844; transferred to Antigonish, 1SS6), Charlottetown (Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands, 1829), Chatham (1860), and St. John (1842).
Province of Kingston (Eastern and Northern Ontario); archdiocese, Kingston (diocese, 1826; archdiocese, 1889); dioceses, Alexandria (1890), Peterborough (1882), and Sault fcte. Marie (1904).
Province of Montreal (Southern and Western Quebec); archdiocese, Montreal (diocese, 1836; archdiocese, 1886); dioceses, Joliette (1904), St. Hyacinthe (1852), Sherbrooke (1874;, and Valleyfield (1892).
Province of Ottawa (parts of Ontario and Quebec in the neighborhood of the city of Ottawa and the region about James Bay); archdiocese, Ottawa (diocese, 1847; archdiocese, 1886); diocese, Pembroke (vicariate apostolic, 1882; diocese, 1898).
Province of Quebec (Eastern Quebec); archdiocese, Quebec (vicariate apostolic, 1657; diocese, 1674; archdiocese, 1844); dioceses, Chicoutimi (1878), Nicolet (1885), Rimouski (1867), and Three Rivers (1852); vicariate apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (prefecture apostolic, 1882; vicariate, 1905).
Province of St. Boniface (the extreme western part of Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Northwest Territories;; archdiocese, St. Boniface (diocese, 1847; archdiocese, 1871); diocese, St. Albert (1871); vicariates apostolic, Athabasca (1862), and Saskatchewan (1890).
Province of Toronto (Southwestern Ontario); archdiocese, Toronto (diocese, 1841; archdiocese, 1870); dioceses, Hamilton (1856), and London (1856).
Province of Victoria (British Columbia, the Klondike and Great Slave regions); archdiocese, Victoria (1847); diocese, New Westminster (vicariate apostolic of British Columbia, 1S63; diocese, 1890); vicariate apostolic of Mackenzie (1901).
The Official Catholic Directory for 1906 gives the following figures: number of priests of religious orders, 1,116; secular priests, 2,613; churches, 2,495; seminaries, 17, with 1,183 students; universities and colleges, 45; charitable institutions, 202. One hundred and ten Catholic papers are named, and the list of religious orders includes twenty-seven for men and thirty-five for women, the larger number of which are actively engaged in missionary and charitable work. Laval University was founded at Quebec in 1852 and has faculties of theology, law, medicine, and arts.
The Anglican Church in Canada dates from its conquest by England. The first congregation was organized in .Montreal in 1766, service being held in the chapel of the Recollects at such hours as the building was not required for mass. In 1774, while the Roman Catholic Church was secured in all its previous rights, it was restricted to collect-
ing its church-dues from members of its own communion, and the purpose was intimated of establishing a Protestant Church. In 1791, The when Canada first received a consti- Anglican tution, one-seventh of all the land in Church, the colony disposed of by sale or grant to colonists was "reserved" for the support of a Protestant clergy. In 1787 Charles Inglis was appointed by the English Crown bishop of Nova Scotia — the first of the colonial bishops; in 1793 Jacob Mountain was appointed bishop of Quebec. The present organization includes two provinces and twenty-three bishoprics, as follows:
Province of Canada (the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and Ontario); archdiocese, Montreal (founded 1850; archdiocese, 1901; since 1904 the archbishop has borne the title primate of all Canada); dioceses, Algoma (with the bishop's seat at Sault Ste. Marie, 1873), Fredericton (1845), Huron (London, 1857), Niagara (Hamilton, 1875), Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1787), Ontario (Kingston, 1861), Ottawa (1896), Quebec (1793), Toronto (1839).
Province of Rupert's Land (the territory west of Ontario and south and east of Hudson Bay); archdiocese, Rupert's Land (1849; archdiocese, 1893; the cathedral is at Winnipeg); dioceses, Athabasca (1884), Calgary (1888), Keewatin (1901), Mackenzie River (1874), Moosonee (1872), Qu'Appelle (1884), Saskatchewan (1874), Selkirk (1891).
Dioceses not forming part of any province: Caledonia (1879), Columbia '1859) Kootenai (1901), New Westminster (1879).
There are theological schools at Lennoxville, Que., Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg.
For the history and information about other religious bodies of Canada, see the articles on the different denominations.
Canada has a good system of public instruction, each province managing its own affairs without centralized system for the entire dominion. Elementary schools, high schools or collegiate institutes, and normal schools lead up to the university, and a good education is within the Edu- reach of all. The expenses are met cation. by government grants, local assessments, and school fees. Roman Catholic schools are entitled to a share in the public educational funds by the agreement of 1763, and the religious question has led to complications in some localities. In Quebec there are two distinct boards of school commissioners, Protestant and Roman Catholic, each having its portion of the public funds and managing its schools as it sees fit. In Manitoba there are no separate schools, but religious instruction may be given in the school buildings by Protestant or Catholic teachers.
Bibliography: Statistics and other information may be gathered from the Canadian Almanac, Toronto, the Statistical Year Booh of Canada, Ottawa, and he Canada ecclcsiastique, Montreal, all annuals, the last Roman Catholic. On the English Church consult: E. R Stimscn, History of Separation of Church and State in Canada, Toronto, 1888; J. Langtry, History of the Church in Eastern Canada, London, 1892. There is also a Cyclopaedia of Metluxlism in Canada, Toronto, 1881. For early Catholic relations consult the monumental work, ed. R. G. Thwaites, Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 74 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901.
CANARY ISLANDS. See Africa, III.
CANDIDUS, can-di'dus (WEISS), PANTALEON: Reformed theologian; b. at Ybbs (60 m. w. of Vienna), Austria, Oct. 7, 1540; d. at Zweibrucken