THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
rated with the national system of education; and one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance in 1S45. He was a voluminous author, although his books did not attain a very large circulation; among his writings were: Contributions Towards the Exposition of the Book of Genesis (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1843-62; rev. ed., 2 vols., 1S68); Scripture Characters and Miscellanies (London, 1850); Examination of Mr. Maurice's Theological Essays (1354); Life in a Risen Saviour, discourses on I Cor. xv. (Edinburgh, 185S); The Two Great Commandments, sermons on Romans xii. (London, 18G0); The Atonement, its Reality, Completeness, and Extent (1861); The Fatherhood of God, the first course of Cunningham lectures at New College, Edinburgh, 1864 (5th ed. enlarged, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1890); The First Epistle of John Expounded in a Series of Lectures (1866); Discourses Bearing upon the Sonship and Brotherhood of Believers (1872); Sermons, with memoir (1873); and The Gospel of Forgiveness, a series of discourses (1878).
Bibliography: W. Wilson, Memorials of R. S. Candlish, Edinburgh, 1880 (with a concluding chapter on his character as a theologian by Robert Rainy, his successor as principal of New College); Jean L. Watson, Life of R. S. Candlish, London, 1882.
CANISIUS, ca-ni'si-us or ca-ni'shus, PETRUS (Peter Kanis, Canis, Canijs) : A Jesuit to whom the order owes its spread in Germany; b. at Xymwegen, in the Netherlands, May 8, 1521; d. at Freiburg, Switzerland, Dec. 21, 1597. He studied at Cologne from 1535 to 1544 and obtained the degrees of bachelor of theology, licentiate of arts, and master of arts (i.e., doctor of philosophy). In 1543 he went to the Jesuit Pierre Favre (q.v.) at Mainz, made the " spiritual exercises " (see Jesuits) under his guidance, and entered the order as a novice. With nine like-minded companions he founded secretly at Cologne the first Jesuit colony, but the city council dissolved the body, though at the intercession of the university the members were permitted to remain in the city, as individuals. In 1545 Canisius began his lectures, preached, and prepared an edition of the works of Cyril of Alexandria, with a Latin translation, the first volume of which was published at Cologne in 1546. In the mean time, the fervent orator, who had agitated especially against the archbishop Hermann of Wied, who inclined toward Protestantism, had obtained such authority among the strictly Catholic party that at the beginning of the Schmalkald War it delegated him as mediator to the imperial camp at Ulm. Here he came into close relations with Cardinal Otto Truchsess, bishop of Augsburg, who was destined to open the way for him into Bavaria and insure the activity of his order. Ignatius Loyola perceived the talent of Canisius, and, to perfect him in the spirit and nature of the order and make him a chosen vessel, called the young man to Rome and employed him for two years in Italy at Messina. Upon his return, Canisius commenced his work in Bavaria in 1549, in 1552 at Vienna and in the Austrian territories, in 1555 at Prague with the two objects in view, to permeate the German Catholics with the
Jesuitic spirit of piety, and to repel Protestantism. At Vienna he composed the Summa doctrina Christianas, the " catechism," which an imperial edict soon introduced into all Austria; in four hundred editions published during 130 years, it proved an excellent means of mental training (Eng. transl., Paris, 1588). His other literary productions include two volumes (De Johanne Baptista, Dillingen, 1571, and De Maria Virgine, Ingolstadt, 1577), written against the " pestilentissimum opus," the Magdeburg Centuries (q.v.). But his literary activity against Protestantism was unimportant compared with what he accomplished as teacher in Vienna, Dillingen, and Ingolstadt, as adviser of Catholic princes, and as preacher and pastor of very large circles. Besides the colleges already mentioned, the order owes to him the establishment of the important colleges of Augsburg, Munich, and Innsbruck, and its spread to Poland. When at the height of his successes he attended the Council of Trent in 1562. And yet in the long run he did not retain the confidence of the leaders of his order. The general stopped him when he was on the point of preparing a third volume for the refutation of the " Centuries " (De potestate Petri et successorum). His last achievement was the founding of a new college at Freiburg in Switzerland. K. Beneath.
Bibliography: F. Riess, Der selige Petrus Canisius, Freiburg, 1865; M. Philippson, La Contre-R evolution religieuse, Brussels, 1880; Delplace, L' Etablissement de la compagnie de Jesus dans les Pays Bas, ib. 1887; P. Drews, Petrus Canisius, der erste deutsche Jesuit, Halle, 1892; Epistulce et acta P. Canisii, ed. O. Braunsberger, 4 vols., Freiburg, 1896-1905.
CANO, ca'no (Canus), MELCHIOR : A scholastic Dominican of the University of Alcala; b. at Tarancon (38 m. w. of Cuenca), Spain [Jan. 1, 1509; d. at Toledo Sept. 30, 1560]. He took part in the deliberations of the Council of Trent, especially in those concerning the doctrine of the Eucharist, opposing the efforts made at the instance of the emperor Ferdinand that the cup should be given to the laity. Having returned from Trent, Philip II. made him bishop of the Canaries, without residence there, as he became provincial of his order in Castile. His principal works are: Prcelectiones de pmnitentia and De sacramentis (both Salamanca, 1550), and his Loci theologici (1563), consisting of twelve books about the sources whence doctrinal proofs may be derived; the " authoritas " has its place before the " ratio," and the principal source is of course tradition. Although an opponent of the Jesuits, Cano was a thoroughgoing papal theologian, and he was a scholastic, although he opposed " false " scholasticism. For his opposition to the Jesuits he had to suffer denunciations which caused his citation to Rome in 155'i as " perditionis filius, Melchior Canus, diabolieis motus suasionibus, non erubuit prccdicarc, autiehristum venisse." By the exertions of the Spanish government the citation was not headed. But the Loci theologici were placed on the Lisbon index in 1624, and were much altered by the expurgator. K. Beneath.
Bibliography: F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotencn Biicher, i. 303 et passim, Bonn, 1883; T. Caballero, Co.i-