THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1895; Mda D. Scudder, St. Catherine of Siena as seen in her Letters, New York, 1905; St. Catherine of Sie?ia and Her Times, London, 1906; E. G. Gardner, St. Catherine of Siena, London and New York, 1907. Also L. Gazet, Le Grand Schisme d'Occident, 2 vols., Florence, 1889.
CATHARINE, SAINT, OF SWEDEN: Roman Catholic saint; b. in Sweden 1331 or 1332; d. at Vadstena (130 m. s.w. of Stockholm) Mar. 24, 1381. She was the second daughter of St. Bridget, the founder of the Brigittines (see Bridget, Saint, of Sweden). At the age of thirteen or fourteen she married a young nobleman of German extraction named Eggart of Kiirnen — the marriage was, however, by mutual consent only nominal, and both parties preserved a lifelong virginity. During the lifetime of her husband, Catharine accompanied her mother on the last-named's first journey to Rome, where through a vision of St. Bridget she learned of her husband's death in Sweden. She then made a pilgrimage with her mother to the Holy Land, but was in Rome with her brother Birger when St. Bridget died there in 1373. She was one of those who escorted her mother's bones to Sweden, and she then took up her abode at Vadstena, the mother house of the Brigittines, where she ruled as the successor of St. Bridget. About the time of the return of the popes from Avignon, St. Catharine again resided for some years in Italy and twice secured papal confirmation of the rule of her order, first from Gregory XI. in 1377 and again from Urban VI. two years later. The day appointed for her feast in the Roman martyrology is Mar. 22. In art her attribute is a hind. She wrote a " Consolation of the Soul," which has been lost. According to the preface, it was a compilation from many books and treated of the ten commandments, the seven benedictions, the seven joys of Mary, the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, and the seven deadly sins. (0. ZocivLERf.)
Bibliography: The early Vita with commentary is in ASB, March, ii. 503-531, and in E. M. Fant, Script, rer. Suecicarum, iii., section 2, pp. 244-275; cf. A. Butler, Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Saints, Nov. 25th, London, 1860; KL, vii. 344-345.
CATHARINUS, AMBROSIUS: The monastic name of Lancelotto Politi, Dominican, bishop of Minori and archbishop of Conza; b. in Sienna 1487; d. in Naples Nov. 8, 1553. In 1517 he entered in Florence the monastery of Savonarola, against whom he wrote a polemic treatise in 1548. Eager in opposing every form of heresy, he appeared against Luther in 1520 with an Apologia pro veritate catholicrc ac apostolicce fidei. Luther replied in 1.521 (Ad librum A. Catharini responsio), and Catharinus answered. Then he went to France, and wrote in Paris against a member of his own order, Cardinal Cajetan, Annotationes in cominentaria Cajetnni. After returning to his country he wrote against his fellow townsman Bernardino Ochino, who in the mean while had fled from Italy to live according to his own belief (see Ochino, Bekxardino). A little later Catharinus issued two treatises against Italian Protestant works; viz., Trattato utilissimo del benefizio di (!exu Crkto crocifisso and Sormnario delta Sacra Scrittura. The polemic theologian was present at the Council of
Trent. He arrived in 1545 with the legate Del Monte and made a speech at the third session. As a reward for his services Paul III. made him bishop of Minori in 1546. Julius III. made him archbishop of Conza in 1552, and was on the point of naming him cardinal when Catharinus died. The earliest of the works of Catharinus are collected in his Opuscula (Leyden, 1542), but there is no complete edition. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The life and writings of Catharinus are discussed in: J. Qudtif and J. Eehard, Script, ordinis prwdicatorum, ii. 144 sqq., 332, 885; K. Werner, Geschichte der apologetischen und polemischen Literatur, vol. iv. passim, Schaffhausen, 1865; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bilcher, vol. i. passim, Bonn, 1883.
CATHCART, WILLIAM: American Baptist; b. at Londonderry, Ireland, Nov. 8, 1826. He was educated at Glasgow University and Horton (now Rawdon) Baptist Theological College, Yorkshire, England, from which he was graduated in 1850. He was minister of a Baptist church at Barnsley, near Sheffield, from 1850 to 1853, when he went to the United States, and accepted a call to Mystic River, Conn., where he remained four years. He was then pastor of the Second Baptist Church, Philadelphia, from 1857 to 1884, and was also president of the American Baptist Historical Society from 1876 to 1884. He has written: The Papal System, from Its Origin to the Present Time (Philadelphia, 1872); The Baptists and the American Revolution (1876); and The Baptism of the Ages and of the Nations (1878), and edited The Baptist Encyclopaedia (Philadelphia, 1881). Since 1884 he has held no regular charge, his health not permitting him to accept a pastorate, although he has been able to devote part of his time to literary labors.
CATHEDRA: The ancient Latin title for the special seat occupied by the bishop in Christian churches. Even in the catacombs such seats were used, either cut out of the solid rock or portable. In the basilicas the cathedra stood at the back of the semicircular apse, behind the altar, which was on the chord of the arc; but when it became customary to place the altar back against the wall, the bishop's seat was brought down into the choir and placed on the north or gospel side. The early Church preserved with great reverence the seats of its first bishops; thus it is learned from Eusebius (Hist, eccl., VII. xix. 32) that the church of Jerusalem preserved that of James, and the church of Alexandria that of Mark. A very ancient chair traditionally believed to be that of Peter is preserved in St. Peter's at Rome, and was used for many centuries for the enthronement of new popes, until Alexander VII. (1655-67), for its better preservation, had Bernini enclose it in a colossal bronze throne. At the celebration of the eighteenth centenary of the apostle's martyrdom in 1867, Pius IX. had it again exposed to view; an exact description and picture of it may be found in Kraus, Roma sotterranea, Freiburg, 1873. The bishop's seat was often used as a symbol of the teaching office of the Church, exercised through him; this is frequently referred to in the mosaics and carving of extant chairs dating from the fifth