THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
accumulated disabilities, which, if the law had been strictly enforced, would have deprived them of their rights, not only as citizens, but as parents, proprietors, and men. With the growth of toleration, a bill abolishing some of these disabilities was passed in 177S, to be followed by the uprising of the London mob known as the " Gordon Riots." Pitt had intended that the union between England and Ireland should be followed by a measure admitting Catholics to Parliament, with a provision for their clergy and a commutation of tithes. This hope, informally held out, probably helped to win their support for the union; but George III. was inflexibly opposed to this measure of justice, and Pitt resigned in consequence of its failure. In 1821, with Canning for its eloquent champion, a measure of emancipation was carried through the House of Commons, only to be defeated by Lord Eldon in the upper house. But a mighty agitation followed in Ireland, led by Daniel O'Connell and fomented by a great Catholic Association. This body was dissolved when Canning became minister in 1825, but revived when he was replaced by the anti- Catholic ministry of Wellington and Peel, and soon showed such formidable strength that the great Duke, with his political insight, saw that the hour for concession had come. The bill which Peel introduced threw open to Catholics Parliament and all the great offices of state, except those of regent, lord lieutenant of Ireland, and chancellor, the crown remaining limited, by an Act of Settlement to the Protestant Concession, and gave the electoral franchise to English Catholics. As the removal of an unjust anachronism, this measure was inevitable; but it failed to restore tranquillity to Ireland, since the concession had been robbed of its grace by delay and enforcement, and since the chief cause of Irish disaffection was, after all, not the religious disabilities but the tenure of land, as the sequel clearly showed.
Bibliography: Sources: A. Wellesley (Duke of Wellington), Supplementary Despatches, edited by his R07>, 7 July, 1812, London; 1S67-80, Speeches, 17 May, 1819, 2 vols., ib. 1854; F. S. Larpent, Private Journal, i. 95, ii. 20, London, 1853: Memoir of Sir Robert Peel, pt. i., The Roman Catholic Question, London, 1834; J. F. Stephen, History of Criminal Law of England, ii. 476 sqq., London, 1883 (exceedingly valuable); W J. Amherst, History of Catholic. Emancipation in the British Isles, 2 vols., London, 1886 (fairly complete).
CATHOLIC EPISTLES: A name given to seven of the epistles of the New Testament; viz., James, I and II Peter, I, II, and III John, and Jude. Different explanations have been given of the significance of the name. (1) It has reference to the writers, who were the apostles in general, whereas the other Xew Testament epistles were believed to be written by Paul. (2) It refers to the contents, which do not treat of any particular topic, but are general. (3) It refers to the recipients, the letters not being addressed to a particular church, but to the Church universal. (4) It refers to opinion concerning these writings and indicates that they were generally accepted as authentic, in distinction from the many writings current and ascribed to apostolic authorship but not everywhere so received. The name was given to the
First Epistle of John in the East about the second century, and by the fourth century it included the seven epistles named. In the West they were called " canonical " epistles. Certain non-canonical writings (as the Epistle of Barnabas and the letter from the apostles at Jerusalem in Acts xv. 23-29) are also Called " catholic " by early writers. See Canon of Scripture, II., 2, § 5.
Bibliography: The Catholic Epistles are of course dealt with in the principal works on the N. T. Canon, N. T. Introduction, and in the Commentaries. Consult: P. J. Gloag, Introduction to the Catholic Epistles, Edinburgh, 1887; W. Sanday, in Biblical Inspiration, London, 1896; W. H. Bennett, in the Century Bible, ib. 1901; and C. A. Bigg, Commentary on St. Peter and St. Jude, Edinburgh, 1902.
CATHOLIC OR UNITED COPTS. See Uniates.
CATHOLICUS: In the time of Constantine, a civil officer established after the organization of dioceses, each diocese having its catholicus, or receiver-general. As an ecclesiastical officer occurring in several Eastern churches, the catholicus occupied a position between the metropolitan and the patriarch. The title is also applied to the head of an independent or schismatic communion, such as the Armenian Church.
CATTLE. See Pastoral Life, Hebrew.
CAVAGNIS, ca"va"nyis, FELICE: Roman Catholic cardinal; b. at Bordogna (near Bergamo, 39 m. n.e. of Milan) Jan. 13, 1841; d. at Rome Dec. 29, 1906. He was educated at the Roman Seminary, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1863. Three years later he became a teacher at Celano, and later became a member of the faculty of the Roman Seminary, of which he was rector from 1887 to 1893. Later still he was appointed secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, and in 1901 was created cardinal deacon of Santa Maria ad Martyres. In addition to the Congregation for Extraordinary Affairs, he was a member of the Congregations of the Consistory, the Bishops and Regulars, the Council, the Index, and the Sacred Visitation.
CAVALIER, JEAN. See Camisards.
CAVE, ALFRED: English Congregationalist; b. at London Aug. 29, 1847; d. there Dec. 19, 1900. He was educated at New College, London (B.A., London University, 1872), and was Congregational minister successively at Berkhampstead, Herts (1872-76), and Watford, Herts (1876-80). He was appointed professor of Hebrew and church history in Hackney College, London, in 18S0, and two years later was chosen principal and professor of apologetic, doctrinal, and pastoral theology in the same institution, retaining both these positions until his death. He was also Congregational Union Lecturer in 1888, vice-president of the London Board of Congregational ministers in 1888 and 1898, and Merchants' Lecturer in 1893-94. He collaborated with J. S. Banks in translating the System der christlichen Glaubenslchre of I. A. Dorner (2 vols., Berlin, 1879-81) under the title System of Christian Doctrine (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1SX0-S2), and also wrote the independent works: Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrifice and Atonement (Edinburgh, 1877); An Introduction to Theology: