RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Catharine
Catholic Apostolic Church
to the ninth century. Thus in the definition of the doctrine of papal infallibility, the pope is said to speak ex cathedra when he proclaims a doctrine " in the exercise of his office as pastor and teacher of all Christians."
CATHEDRAL: In the churches with episcopal organization, the principal church of a diocese, the especial seat of the bishop. It is the normal place for the principal episcopal functions, such as ordination, and is directly under the charge of the bishop, who is assisted in its administration and in the performance of divine service by a body of canons (see Chapter), whose head is a dean or provost. In England, from the Reformation until 1840, a distinction was drawn between cathedrals of the old and of the new foundation. The former were those where the chapter had been always composed of secular canons, and whose constitution remained, therefore, unchanged; in the latter, after the suppression of the monasteries by Henry VIII., a new organization was required to replace the earlier monastic chapter. The older cathedrals, from their rank and importance in the history of the Church, offer some of the most splendid and imposing examples of Christian architecture. See Architecture, Ecclesiastical.
Bibliography: M. E. C. Walcott, Cathedralia: a Constitutional History of Cathedrals of the Western Church, London, 1865 (authoritative); idem, Documentary History of English Cathedrals, London, 1866; J. S. Howson, ed., Essays on Cathedrals, by various writers, London, 1872; C. A. Swainson, Hist, of a Cathedral of the Old Foundation, London, 1880; P. Schneider, Die bischoflichen Domkapitel, Mainz, 1885; Bell's Cathedral Series, 35 vols., London, 1896-1903 (deals with history and archeology); J. J. Bourasse\ Les plus belles cathedrales de France, Paris, 1896; L. Cloquet, Les Grandes Cathedrales du monde catholique, Paris, 1897; The Cathedrals of England and Wales, New York, The Churchman Company, 1907.
CATHOLIC (Gk. katholikos, "general, universal," from hath' holou, " on the whole "): The phrase he katholike ekklesia, " the catholic church," was first used by Christian writers to distinguish the entire body of believers from individual bodies. It then came naturally to designate the orthodox in distinction from heretics and schismatics. Later it was applied to faith, tradition, and doctrine; it was understood as expressing the universality of the Church (" in Greek that is called ' catholic ' which is spread through all the world," Augustine, Epist., lii. 1); it distinguished a cathedral from parish churches, or the latter from oratories or monastic chapels. After the separation between the Greek and Latin churches, the epithet " catholic " was assumed by the latter, as " orthodox " was by the former. At the Reformation it was claimed by the Church of Rome in opposition to the Protestant or Reformed churches; in England the theory was maintained that the national Church was the true catholic Church of the land, and the expression " Roman Catholic " came into use for the sake of distinction. " Anglo-Catholic " was coined by analogy with this at the time of the Tractarian movement. On the Continent the single word " catholic " is the common designation for that branch of the Church in affiliation with Rome. By Protestants the term has generally been interpreted to mean the entire communion of the saved
in all time and places. The word " catholic " in the phrase " the holy catholic Church " of the Apostles' Creed is explained by Pearson (Exposition of the Creed, art. ix.) as indicating that the Church is to be disseminated through all nations, extended to all places, and propagated to all ages; that it contains in it all truths necessary to be known, exacts absolute obedience from all men to tha commands of Christ, and furnishes us with all graces necessary to make our persons acceptable and our actions well-pleasing in the sight of God. The word was not in the earliest form of the Creed.
CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH: The outcome of a religious movement which began in Scotland in 1830, but took its full and distinctive form in 1835. Its adherents do not use the term " The Catholic Apostolic Church " as implying that they alone constitute the Church, but as affirming that they are members of it. It embraces all the baptized.
In 1828 about fifty gentlemen, some clergymen and some laymen, but mostly of the Church of England, met at the country seat of Henry Drummond (q.v.) at Albury, West Surrey, for the study of the prophetic Scriptures. The subjects considered were those connected with the return of the Lord and the present office of the Spirit in the Church. In Feb., 1830, some members of a Presbyterian family living near Glasgow began to speak in what were believed to be supernatural utterances. They affirmed that their organs of speech were used by the Spirit of God to express the divine mind and will. It is said by one who had intimate personal knowledge of those speaking that Supernat- the subject of spiritual gifts had not ural Utter- at all occupied their attention; much ances. less had they any thought or expectation of their revival. These utterances, both from the religious character of those speaking and from their own intrinsic nature, awakened great attention in all the region round; and having come to the knowledge of certain gentlemen in London, some of whom- had attended the conferences at Albury, a deputation was sent up to Scotland in July to inquire into them, and ascertain whether the utterances were of the Spirit, or not. They returned fully convinced that the utterances were divine. In May, 1831, like utterances were heard in London, the first in a congregation of the Church of England. This being reported to the bishop, he forbade them in the future as interfering with the service. Their occurrence in several dissenting congregations brought forth similar prohibitions, and this led to the utterances being made chiefly in the church of Edward Irving (q.v.), he being a believer in their divine origin. But they were not confined to London. At Bristol and other places the same spiritual phenomena appeared. Of these utterances one of the earliest was, " Behold the Bridegroom cometh. Go ye out to meet him"; and another often repeated, " The body of Christ."
The meaning of this was for a long time not understood, but it was gradually made
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