RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Central America Chalcedon
a son of Joseph and Mary, but was wiser and more righteous than other men. After his baptism the spirit of the all-sublime power of God descended upon him in the form of a dove. From now on he preached the unknown Father and performed miracles. Finally the " Christ " forsook him, but " Jesus " suffered and rose again, whereas the spiritual Christ did not suffer. John directed his Gospel especially against Cerinthus (III. xi. l),and in proof of the aversion which the apostle felt toward this heretic Irenseus (III. iii. 4) tells a story from Polycarp that the two met once in the baths at Ephesus, whereupon the apostle fled, " lest even the bath-house fall down because Cerinthus is inside." In the main the story is credible, but the later story (cf. Epiphanius, Hcer., xxviii. and others) of the Judaism of Cerinthus is an invention. The assertion of the Roman Caius that Cerinthus is the author of the Apocalypse is certainly erroneous. G. Krugee.
Bibliography: R. A. Lipsius, Zur QueUevkritik des Epiphanius, pp. 115-122, Vienna, 1865; A. Hilgenfeld, Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums, pp. 411—421, Leipsic, 1884; A. Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, i. 234-235, Freiburg, 1894, Eng. transl., iii. 14-19, Boston, 1897; T. Zahn, Geichichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, 2 vols., Erlangen, 1S88-92; Kriiger, History, p. 68 and literature given there.
CESARINI,che"sa-ri'ni, GIULIANO (JULIAN CE- SARINI) : Cardinal. He belonged to a distinguished family of Rome and attracted the attention of the curia as a humanist and teacher of law at Padua. Pope Martin V. made him cardinal (1426) and Eugenius IV. promoted him to cardinal bishop of Frascati. His knowledge of law and ability as a diplomatist fitted him for delicate missions. The Hussite question was entrusted to him and he entered Bohemia with a crusading army, but the army was defeated and the cardinal fled ignominiously (1431). From 1431 to 1438 he presided at the Council of Basel with marked ability.* In 1438 and 1439 he was active in Ferrara and Florence, and shortly after went to Hungary to incite King Vladislav to war against the Turks. He succeeded, and war broke out in 1443, but Vladislav was defeated and slain at Varna, Nov. 10, 1444, and Cesarini also perished while trying to escape; he was probably assassinated and robbed while endeavoring to cross the Danube.
Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: The older accounts are in A. Chacon, Vitce pontificum et . , . cardinalium, ii. 861 sqq., 4 vols., Rome, 1G77; and E. Baluze, iliscellavea, vol. iii., 4 vols., Lucca, 1761-64. Consult also: ¥. von Behold, Ki'mig Sigmund und die Reichskriege gegen die Husiten, 3 parts, Munich, 1872-77; Creighton, Papacy, ii. 163-165, 194 sqq.; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii. passim; KL, iii. 26-28.
CHAD, SAINT. See Ceadda, Saint.
CHADERTON, LAURENCE: Puritan; b. near Oldham (8 m. n.e. of Manchester), Lancashire, Sept. 14, 1536 or 1538; d. at Cambridge Nov. 13, 1640. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1567; B.D., 1578; D.D., 1613), and there
* At the Council of Basel Cesarini's attitude toward the Hussites was highly conciliatory; and he urged a thorough reformation of ecclesiastical abuses as the only safeguard against further schisms. — A. H. N.
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embraced the Protestant religion, for which his father threatened to disinherit him. He became fellow, dean, tutor, and lecturer of his college, and as afternoon lecturer of St. Clement's Church, Cambridge, for nearly fifty years acquired fame as a preacher and exerted a far-reaching influence. When Sir Walter Mildmay founded Emmanuel College in 1584 he insisted on Chaderton's becoming master, and the latter filled the office with much ability and success till 1622, when he resigned. From 1598 to 1640 he was prebendary of Lincoln. Though a Puritan he was moderate in views and conciliatory in manners. He was a member of the Hampton Court Conference (q.v.), and was one of the Cambridge committee of Bible translators. He appears to have published nothing except an anonymous tract, De justifications, and a single sermon.
Bibliography: W. Dillingham, Vita Chadertoni, ed. J. Dillingham, Cambridge, 1700, Eng. transl. by E. S. Schuckburgh, ib. 1884; DNB, ix. 430-432.
CHAD WICK, JOHN WHITE: American Unitarian; b. at Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19, 1840; d. in Brooklyn Dec. 11, 1904. His father was. a seafaring man, and he was apprenticed to a slicemaker. But in 1857 he entered the State Normal School at Bridgewater, Mass., and while there determined to become a minister. From the Normal School he passed to Phillips Exeter Academy and the Divinity School of Harvard University, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1864. He was immediately asked to supply for three months the pulpit of the Second Unitarian Church of Brooklyn, N. Y., but made so favorable an impression that his relation became a permanent one and he was its pastor at the time of his death. Besides being well known as a preacher and lecturer and highly esteemed as a man, he won distinction as an author both in prose and poetiy. He described himself as a "radical Unitarian," but he was heard with respect by those who most differed from him. Besides many other contributions to the press, he published: Life of Nathaniel Alexander Staples (Boston, 1870); A Book of Poems (1876, now in its 10th ed.); The Bible of To-day (New York, 1878) ; The Faith of Reason, a Series of Discourses on Leading Topics of Religion (Boston, 1 879, 2ded., 1880); Some Aspects of Religion (New Yoik, 1879); Belief and Life (1881); The Man Jesus (Boston, 1881, 2d ed., 1882); Origin and Destiny (1883); In Nazareth Town : a Christmas Fantasy, and Other Poems (1883); A Daring Faith (1885); The Good Voices, poems (Troy, N. Y., 1S85); Charles Robert Darwin (Boston, 1889); Evolution and Social Reform (1890) ; Exolution of Architecture (New York, 1891); Evolution as Related to Citizenship (1892); George William Curtis: an Address (1893) ; The Old and the New Unitarian Belief (Boston, 1894); Theodore Parker (1900); William Ellery Channing (1903); and Later Poems (1905).
CHAITANYA, chai"ta-ni'a: Brahman formulatorof the doctrine of Bkarti. See India, I.,3, § 3.
CHALCEDON, kal'se-den: A city of Bithynia, on the Bosporus, near Constantinople, the scene of the Fourth General Council (451), at which
Chaldea Chamberlain