THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Eutychianism was condemned and the so-called Creed of Chalcedon adopted. See Christology, IV; Eutychianism.
CHALDEA. See Babylonia, VI, 7.
CHALDEAN CHRISTIANS. See Nestorians.
CHALICE. See Vessels, Sacred, § 1.
CHALLONER, RICHARD : English Roman Catholic prelate; b. at Lewes (50 m. s. of London), Sussex. Sept. 29, 1691; d. in London Jan. 12, 17S1. His father was a Protestant, but died soon after his son's birth, and the latter was brought up by- Roman Catholics and embraced their religion at about the age of thirteen. In 1704 he was sent to Douai and remained there as student, professor, and vice-president for twenty-six years (B.D., 1719; D.D., 1727; ordained priest 1716). In 1730 he joined the London mission, and in 1741 was consecrated coadjutor to Dr. Benjamin Petre, vicar apostolic of the London district; he became vicar apostolic on Dr. Petre's death in 1758. He was a learned and pious man, and performed his duties with faithfulness and ability, in the midst of persecution from the penal laws and the fanaticism of the English populace. He wrote upward of forty different works, controversial, devotional, historical, etc. His Memoirs of Missionary Priests and of other Catholics that have suffered death
in England on religious accounts from the year 1577 to 1684 (2 vols., London, 1741-42; many later eds.) is the Roman Catholic "Book of Martyrs"; The Garden of the Soul (1740) is still the most popular prayer-book with English Roman Catholics; and The Rheims New Testament and the Douay Bible, with annotations (5 vols., London, 1749-50; 3d ed., revised, 1752), prepared by Challoner and under his direction, is the best-known version of the Douai Bible. His Life was written by J. Barnard (London, 1784), and by Dr. John Milner (in the 5th ed. of his Grounds of the Old Religion, 1798).
Bibliography: J. Barnard, Life of R. Challoner,
London, 1784; John Milner, Brief Account of the Life of Richard Challoner, prefixed to the 5th ed. of Challoner's Grounds of the Old Religion, ib. 1798; J. Gillow, Bibliographical Dictionary of English Catholics, i. 447-457, London (1885); DNB, ix. 440-443.
CHALMERS, JAMES: London Missionary Society missionary; b. at Ardrishaig, Argylesliire, Scotland (45 m. w. by n. from Glasgow), Aug. 4, 1841; d. at Risk Point, Goaribari Island, Gulf of Papua, New Guinea, April 8, 1901. Converted at the age of fourteen, he was soon after called to the foreign mission field and after study at Cheshunt College and at Highgate, an institution conducted by the London Missionary Society, he was sent by that Society to Raratonga, one of the group of Cook Islands in the Southern Pacific, where he arrived in 1 867. The island had been partially Christianized, but he did a good work in education and evangelization. In 1X77 he removed to New Guinea, where he encountered cannibals and did a memorable work at the constant risk of life. It was on one of these many journeys that he was killed. He ta'crs his place beside Williams and Patterson as a mission nrv hero in the South Seas.
Bibliography: Consult his own Pioneer Life and Work in New Guinea, 1877-1894, London 1SB5; and the biographies by W. Robson, ib. 1901; C. Lennox, ib. 1902; and R. Lovett, ib. 1902 (the last-named containing Chalmers's Autobiography and Letters).
CHALMERS, THOMAS: The leader of the Free Church of Scotland; b. in East Anstruther, Fifeshire, Mar. 17, 1780; d. in Edinburgh May 30, 1847. The family to which he belonged was composed of middle-class people of the strictest type of Calvinism; and hence in his opening years, he received thorough indoctrination. He entered St. Andrews University when only eleven years old, and confined his attention almost exclusively to mathematics, but did not give up his original intention of becoming a preacher, and accordingly was licensed by the presbytery of St. Andrews Jan., 1799. His character early developed into maturity. Instead of beginning his professional work, he continued the study of mathematics and natural science; and during the winter of 1802-03 he acted as assistant to the professor of mathematics at St. Andrews. He showed an extraordinary power to awaken enthusiasm in almost any topic he took up; although it was this very fact which at that time cost him his place, the authorities disliking the novelty of his methods. He settled as minister of Kilmeny, nine miles from St. Andrews, May, 1803, and in the following winter, while preaching regularly, opened voluntary and independent classes in mathematics at the university, which were largely attended, although vigorously discouraged by the authorities. He was a faithful pastor at Kilmeny, and his preaching attracted
Ministry wide attention, but his heart was not at in his work. He was trammeled by
Kilmeny. the prevailing moderatism, which put culture above piety, and state support above independence. In 1808 evidence of the trend of his thinking appeared in his Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Resources. The supply of man's physical and social needs was uppermost in his mind. In the midst of such work he was visited with severe domestic afflictions, and a serious illness brought him to death's door; but he recovered after a year. David Brewster asked him to contribute to his Edinburgh Encyclopedia. He at first chose " Trigonometry," but at length took " Christianity " (separately published, 1813). And as he examined the doctrines of this religion, and went deeper into its mysteries, he realized its importance, and by studying about Christianity he became a Christian. The parishioners quickly became aware that he had really not so much resumed his work among them as begun it. His whole soul was on fire, and his culture was now used to make the saving truth of saving power. He cut loose from the moorings of moderatism, and became a decided Evangelical. His eloquence was expended in new channels, and with great results.
In July, 1815, he was formally admitted as minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow. In 1S16 he delivered on week-days the famous series of seven Discourses on the Christian Revelation, Viewed in Connection with Modern Astronomy. In Sept., 1819, he removed from the Tron paris'.i to that of