THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
vier Evangelien, Hamburg, 1S43; idem, Beitrage zur richtigen Wiirdigung der Evangelien, Gotha, 1869; idem, in TSK, 1S75, pp. 435 sqq.; J. von Gumpach, in TSK, 1852, pp. 663 sqq.; A. W. Zumpt, Commentationes epigraphies, ii. 73-74, Berlin, 1854; idem, Das Geburtsjahr Ckristi, pp. 20 sqq., Leipsic, 1869; Aberle, in TQ, 1865, pp. 103 sqq., 1868, pp. 29 sqq.; A. Hilgenfeld, in ZWT, 1S65. pp. 408 sqq., 1870, pp. 151 sqq.; H. Gerlach, Die rumischen Statthalter in Syrien und Judaa, pp. 22 sqq. Berlin, 1865; T. Lewin, Fasti Sacri, London, 1865; H. Lutteroth, he Recensement de Quirinius en Judee, Paris, 1S65; C. E. Caspari, Chronologisch-geographische Einleitung in das Leben Ckristi, Hamburg, 1869; J. Marquardt, Romische Staatsrerwaltung, vol. i., ii. 204 sqq., Leipsic. 18S1-84; P. Schegg, Das Todesjahr des Herodes und das Geburtsjahr Christi, pp. 37 sqq., Munich, 1SS2; F. Riess, Xochmals das Geburtsjahr Christi, Freiburg, 1SS3; T. Zahn, in NKZ, 1893, pp. 633 sqq.; W. M. Ramsay, in Expositor, 1897, pp. 274 sqq., 425 sqq.; idem, Was Christ Born at Bethlehem, London, 1898; Schflrer, Geschichte, i. 508 sqq., Eng. transl., I. i. 357, ii. 80, 105- 143; Haverfield, in Classical Review, July, 1900, pp. 309 sqq.; DB, iv. 1S3; EB, iv. 3994-96; also the commentaries on the passages in Luke and Acts, and the works on the Life of Christ.
CENTRAL AMERICA: The extreme southern portion of the continent of North America, including seven independent states, as follows, enumerated in geographical order from north to south:
Area. Popula-
Square miles. tion.
Colony of British Honduras 7,562 40,000
Republic of Guatemala 46,774 1,800,000
Republic of Honduras 42,658 775,000
Republic of Salvador 8,130 1,000,000
Republic of Nicaragua 51,560 400,000
Republic of Costa Rica 23,000 331,000
Republic of Panama 31,890 330,000
The population is overwhelmingly Indian, negro, and mixed. In British Honduras in 1891 there were only 400 whites. In Guatemala 60 per cent of the people are Indians and 28 per cent mixed. About one-twentieth of the population of Salvador and one-fifth of that of Nicaragua are classed as white. In Costa Rica there are 8,000 Indians, and the remainder is almost entirely Creole. The Indians in many localities retain their native language and live in almost primitive conditions; where classed as Roman Catholic converts their relation to the Church is often little more than nominal. But few" of the colored population still persist in heathenism.
The republic of Panama was formed by revolution from Colombia in 1903. Religious statistics for this state are not available, but it may be said, in general, that conditions are the same as in the rest of Central America and the mother country (see Colombia). The five older Central American republics, after the disruption from Spain, formed from 1821 to 1839 the " United States of Central America." Their present independent status was attained gradually, often after internal dissension and warfare. During the revolutionary and formative period the Church suffered much. Its property was confiscated, monasteries were abolished, monks were banished, and the secular clergy were persecuted. Poverty has also been a heavy burden to the Church. Ecclesiastical affairs were regulated by a series of concordats with Pope Pius IX. between 18.52 and 1863 (see Concordats axd Delimiting Bulls, VI., 5).
The religion is everywhere Roman Catholic, but toleration is now legally assured in all states. The
diocese of Guatemala was founded in 1534 and raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1743. The suffragan bishoprics are Nicaragua (1534), Comayagua (for Honduras, 1561), San Salvador (1842), and San Jose1 of Costa Rica (1850). A vicar apostolic has resided at Belize in British Honduras since 1893.
An Anglican diocese of Honduras and Central America was founded in 1883. The bishop resides at Belize. Guatemala has approximately 4,500 Protestants representing English and American churches and including a congregation of about 1,000 Germans resident in the capital. Protestants in Honduras number about 1,000 and in Costa Rica 3,200. They are barely represented in Salvador. In Nicaragua are fifteen " stations " of the Moravians.
All the states have public schools, colleges, and universities, and progress is being made in both elementary and the higher education. As might be expected, however, the majority of the population is illiterate. Attendance at the elementary schools is compulsory in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras. Wilhelm Goetz.
Bibliography: In general: T. Child, Spanish American Republics, London, 1892; Etnologia Centro-Americana, Madrid, 1893; C. Sapper, Das nvrdliche Mittel Amerika, Brunswick, 1897; idem, Mittelamerika, Reisen und Studien, ib. 1902; C. Haebler, Die Religion des Mittleren Amerika, Munster, 1899. On British Honduras: A. R. Gibbs, British Honduras, London, 1883; British Honduras Almanac, annual, Belize. On Guatemala: O. Stoll, Reisen und Schilderungen von Guatemala, 1886; T. Brigham, Guatemala, New York, 1887; A. C. Maudsley, A Glimpse at Guatemala, London, 1899; Missionary Review of the World, xiv. (1901) 168 sqq.
CEOLFRID, chol'frid, SAINT: Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow; b. of noble parents in Northumbria c. 642; d. at Langres, France, wmile on his way to Rome, Sept. 24, 716. He became a monk at the age of eighteen, and was made prior by Benedict Biscop (q.v.) of his new abbey of St. Peter at Wearmouth, which was begun in 674; accompanied Biscop to Rome in 67S; became abbot of his second monastery founded at Jarrow in 681 or 682 (where he had Bede among his pupils), and in 688 abbot of both Wearmouth and Jarrow. He was a good manager and increased and enriched his monasteries, at the same time making them centers of learning and industry. He took special pains to learn the Roman methods of reading and singing the services and influenced the Irish in Scotland to adopt the Roman date for Easter.
Bibliography: Bede, Historia abbatum; also Hist, eccl., iv. 18, v. 21 (where Ceolfrid's letter toNaiton [Nechtan], king of the Picts, on the Easter question, is given), v. 24; also the anonymous Historia abbatum, by a monk of Wearmouth, contemporary with Ceolfrid, in Plummer's Bede, i. 388-404; W. Bright, Early English Church History, pp. 308-309, Oxford, 1897.
CERDO (CERDON): A Syrian Gnostic, who, according to Irenseus (I. xxvii. 1, III. iv. 3) and Eusebius (Chron., ed. Schoene, i. 168), lived in Rome in the time of the bishop Hyginus (c. 136- 140). Epiphanius (xli. 1) connects him with Saturninus. He is of importance chiefly as having been the teacher of Marcion (q.v.). G. Kruger.
CERINTHUS: Gnostic teacher of Asia Minor, about 100 a.d. According to Irensus (I. xxvi. 1), he taught that the world was not created by the first God, but by a subordinate power. Jesus was