THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Christianity that was nevertheless worthy of respect. Theological disputations between Christian and Mohammedan revealed the fact
7. The Re- that the Catholic dogma was not invulnaissance nerable. From the attention to the
and Refer- hitherto unsuspected merits of an mation. opponent it was not a far step to a critical examination of one's own condition. In Germany suspicion of the motives of the Church in urging the wars against the Mohammedans and a reluctance to contribute toward the realization of the plans formulated by an ambitious papacy and carried on by selfseeking warriors became manifest. Thus the Church, which had made itself the leader of the Crusades, came to suffer the consequences of their ill success. Faith in papal absolutism waned; and a new religious spirit appeared, first in the sectaries (Cathari and Albigenses), and later in the Reformation. This spirit was fostered by the inspiration of that higher culture of which Frederick II. is the preeminent type, by the development of the sciences, and by the growth of commerce with the East, which enriched Europe and turned the attention of men from purely religious to material and cultural interests in the movement known as the Renaissance. (Friedrich Wiegand.)
Bibliography: The best collection of sources are Recueil dea hintoriens des croisades, 13 vols., Paris, 1841-85 {under the care of the Academy); J. Michaud, Bibliothique des Croisades, 4 vols., Paris, 1829. Single sources are: Jean de Joinville, Histoire dt St. Louis IX., ed. A. DelbouUe, Paris, 1SS2. Eng. transl., in Bohn'a Library, London, 1848; Geoffroy de Villehardouin, Histoire de I'empire de Constantinople, ed. 6. Bouchet, 2 vols., Paris, 1891, Eng. transl., in Bohn's Library, London, 1848; Ansbert, Histrrria de expeditioTie Friderici . . , ed. J. Dobrowsky, Prague, 1827; Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII. in orientem, ed. G. H. Pertz, in MGH, Script., xxvi (1882\ 59-73; Historia of William of Tyre, transl. by Mary X. Colom for the Early English Text Society, London, 1893; original documents in Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, vol i Philadelphia, 1902; H. von Sybel, Hist, and Literature of the Crusades, ed. Lady D. Gordon, London, 1861 (a compilation, not a translation of any one work, gives account of literature).
On the general history of the Crusades the best single work is still J. Michaud, Histoire des Croisades, 4 vols., Paris, 1856, Eng. tran,-l., with preface and supplement, by H. W Mabie, 3 vols., Boston, 1881. Other general works are: F. Wilken, Geschichte der Kreuzztige, 7 vols., Leipsic, 1807-32; R. Rohricht, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Kreuzziige, 2 vols., Berlin, 1874-78; B. Kugler, Geschichte dcr KrruzzKfie, Berlin, 1891; J. I. Mombert, Short History of the Crusades, New York, 1894 (popular); T. A. Archer and ('. L. Kingsford, The Crusades, ib. 1895; J. M. Ludlow, Age of the Crusades, ib. 1897 (contains bibliography); L. von Ranke, W eligeschichte, vol. viii., I^eipsic, 1898; E. Heyck, Die Kreuzziige und das heilige Land, ib. 1900; Essays on the Crusades, by D. C. Munro, c'. Diehl, andH. Prutz, Burlington, 1903; L. Brehier, L'Eglise et I'orient au moyen age. Les croisades, Paris, 1907; W. B. Stevenson, The Crusaders in the East. A brief Hist of the Wars of Islam unth the Latins, IZ.-IS. Centuries, Cambridge, 1'.IU7; .Si haff, Christian Church, v. 1, pp. 211-295.
For the Kingdom of .Jcru.salem consult: R. Rohrichtj Geschichte des Knnipreichs Jerusalem, 1100-1291, Innsbruck, l.SOS; C. li. Conder, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, loyy-1291, London, 1897.
On individual Crusiidfs consult: II. von Sybel, Geschichte des ersten Krcuzzugs, Leipsir, 1881; T. Wolff, Die Bauernkreuzzugo. Tubingen, INill, It. Kugler, ',S'W!>r,, zur Genrhichte des zwnten Kreuzzuges, Stuttgart, 1866; E. I'l ar", The Fall of Constantinoj'lr, London, 1885; K. liiihricht, Sludien zur Geschichte des fiinflen Kreuzzuges, Inns-
bruck, 1891; H. Klettke, Robert of Marseilles, or the Crusade of the Children, Philadelphia, 1883; G. Z. Gray, Children's Crusade, Boston, 1896; M. Schwob, Children's Crusade, ib. 1905.
CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST: German theologian; b. at Leuna, near Merseburg (10 m. s. of Halle), Jan. 10, 1715; d. at Leipsic Oct. IS, 1775. He entered the University of Leipsic in 1734, became professor of philosophy there, and in 1750 professor of theology. He was an independent follower of J. A. Bengel and an opponent of the Wolfian philosophy, founding all knowledge on positive revelation and seeking to prove that it harmonizes with reason. At the same time he intermingled mystic peculiarities, and thus constructed a strange typico-prophetical system of doctrine. While his colleague Ernesti explained the Scriptures in a purely grammatical way, Crusius followed the Church doctrine, which he interpreted in a mystical sense. Of his many writings the most important are Hypomnemata ad theologiam propheticam (3 parts, Leipsic, 1764) and Kurzer Begriff der M oraltheologie (2 parts, 1772-73). Here he opposes the divine will, known from revelation as moral principle, to the Wolfian principle of perfection. His " Prophetic Theology " was brought into notice in the nineteenth century by Hengstenberg and Delitzsch, who called attention to the fact that Crusius conceived of the essence and aim of prophecy in connection with the scheme of salvation, which no theologian before him had done with like emphasis. Crusius left the reputation of a learned, keen, original thinker and of a pure, pious, and mild character. Even in the great controversy which divided the University of Leipsic into " Ernestians " and " Crusians " he maintained his pious and mild manner, though there was no question that Ernesti 's views were gaining the upper hand. Paul Tschackert.
Biblioghaphy: H. Doring, Die Gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands, i. 291-296, Neustadt, 1831; ADB, iv. 630-631; J. E. Erdmann, Geschichte der Philosophic, vol. iii., § 290, Berlin, 1870, Eng. transl., London, 1893.
CRUTTWELL, CHARLES THOMAS: Church of England; b. at London July 30, 1847 He studied at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1S71), and was elected fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1870, where he was also tutor in 1X75-77. He was curate of St. CHles's, Oxford, 1875-77, head master of St. Andrew's College, Bradfield, 1878-80, and of Malvern College 1880-85. He was rector of Sutton, Surrey (1885), Denton, Norfolk (1885-91), and Kibworth-Beauchamp, Leicestershire (1891-1901), as well as rural dean of Gartree, diocese of Peterborough (1892-1902). Since 1901 he has been rector of Ewelme, Oxfordshire, and was honorary canon of Peterborough Cathedral in 1897-1903, of which he has been residentiary canon since 1903, being also ;ippointed proctor in convocation for the clergy of the diocese of Peterborough in 1900-05 and examining chaplain to the bishop of Peterborough in 1900. He has written A History of Roman Literature (London, 1877); Spccivienx of It'oman Literature (1S79; in coll;il)or:ition with P. Banton); Literary History of Early