(A. ERICHSONf.)
CUNNINGHAM, JOHN: Church of Scotland; b. at Paisley, Renfrewshire, May 9, 1819; d. at St. Andrews Sept. 1, 1893. He studied at Glasgow (1836-40), and Edinburgh (1840-45), was ordained in 1845 to the ministry of Crieff, Perthshire, and in 1886 was appointed principal of St. Mary's College, St. Andrews. He was one of the first Scotch Presbyterians to introduce instrumental music into his church, and also manifested his liberal views in other ways. In 1886 he was chosen moderator of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland. He wrote The Church History of Scotland from the Commencement of the Christian Era to the Present Century (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1859); The Quakers from their Origin till the Present Time (London, 1868); A New Theory of Knowing and Being Known, with Some Speculations on the Border- Land of Psychology and Physiology (Edinburgh, 1874); Episcopacy, Presbytery, and Puritanism in Scotland, 1572 to 1660 A.D. (St. Giles' lectures; 1881); and The Growth of the Church in its Organization and Institutions (Croall lectures; London, 1886).
CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM: 1. Scotch theologian; b. at Hamilton (10 m. s.e. of Glasgow), Lanarkshire, Oct. 2, 1805; d. in Edinburgh Dec. 14, 1861. He studied at Edinburgh; was licensed in 1828; settled as minister in Greenock in 1830; was translated to Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, in 1834; appointed professor in the New College in 1843, and principal in 1847. He threw himself with great energy into the strife in the Church of Scotland, which began to become earnest about the time of his settlement in Edinburgh. Both Ins ecclesiastical learning and his debating power found
Cunning'ham Curia
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
a splendid field, as the strife advanced, in conflict with such learned men as Lord Medwyn and Sir William Hamilton. When appointed professor he was requested by the General Assembly to go to America and learn the methods of study pursued there, and this led to many warm friendships. In theology Dr. Cunningham was a thorough Calvinist. His works (chiefly posthumous) were: Historical Theology (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1862); The Reformers and the Theology of the Reformation (1862); Discmsions on Church Principles (1863); Sermons from 1828 to 1860 (1872); Lectures on Subjects Connected with Natural Theology (London, 1878).
BiBLiociRAPHT: R. Rainy and J. Mackenzie, Life of W Cunningham, Edinburgh, 1871; DNB, xii. 321-323.
2. Church of England; b. at Edinburgh Dec. 29, 1849. He studied at Edinburgh (M.A., 1870), and Gonville and Caius and Trinity Colleges, Cambridge (B.A., 1873), was ordered deacon in 1873, and ordained priest in 1874. He was curate of Horningsea, Cambridgeshire, 1873-74, a licensed preacher in the diocese of Chester 1875-79, and curate of St. Mary the Great, Cambridge, 1879-93, as well as chaplain of Trinity College 1880-91. He was elected a fellow and lecturer of Trinity College in 1887; and vicar of St. Mary the Great, Cambridge, and has also been rural dean of Cambridge since 1894 and honorary canon of Ely and honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius Colleges, Cambridge, since 1896. He was likewise proctor of the diocese of Ely from 1891 to 1906, and Lady Margaret preacher to the University of Cambridge in 1905, while academically he has been Hulsean lecturer in 1885, professor of economic science in King's College, London, 1891-97, and lecturer in economic history in Harvard University in 1899. In theology he was at first a Presbyterian, but became dissatisfied with that system both for ecclesiastical and theological reasons, and is now a decided High-churchman. He has written The Epistle of St. Barnabas (London, 1877); St. Austin and his Place in the History of English Thought (1886); and The Gospel of Work (1902).
CUNNINGHAM LECTURES: A lectureship on a foundation created by a bequest of £2,000 by Dr. W. Binny Webster to perpetuate the memory of the Rev William Cunningham (q.v.). They are delivered annually in Edinburgh, the appointment to the lectureship is made for not less than two nor more than three years, the incumbent is by preference a professor or minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and each series must consist of not less than sLx lectures The first series was delivered in 1864 by Robert A. Candlish on the subject The Fatherhood of God (London, 1866). The subjects thus far discussed have all been concerned with Christian history and doctrine or with the Bible. A full list of the lecturers and their subjects may be found in L. H. Jordan, Comparative Religion, pp 666-567, New York, 1905.
CURATE : A name applied primarily to a parish priest, as having the care (cure) of souls. In the strict canonical use of the term, it designates the holder of a bcne/icium curatum (see Beniji'ice),
who is thus directly charged with the cure of souls. Priests who are merely confessors are not properly designated as curati, since their function is limited to the administration of the sacrament of penance. On the other hand, the chaplains of institutions may be so called when they are bound to assist the parish priest in the discharge of his pastoral duties. In modern English usage (though the strict ancient meaning occurs in the rubrics of the prayer-book) the name curate is commonly applied to unbeneficed clergy who assist the rector or vicar of a parish; " perpetual curate," however, was until recently the legal title of a priest who had sole charge of a district not organized as a regular parish (see Chaplain). (E. Friedbehg.)
CURCI, CARLO MARIA: Italian Jesuit; b. at Naples Sept. 4, 1809; d. at Careggi (3 m. n. of Florence) June 9, 1891. He was educated at Naples and Rome among the Jesuits, and entered the order Sept. 14, 1826. In its defense he wrote his Fatti ed argomenti (Naples, 1845), directed against the attacks of the Prolegomeni of Vincenzo Gioberti, and in 1850 he founded at Naples and edited for three years the Civiltd, Cattolica, a religious and political review, which soon became the organ of the Jesuits and the Vatican. In 1870 he defended the temporal power of the pope, but in the preface to his Lezione essegetiche e morali sopra i quattro Evangeli (5 vols., Florence, 1874-76) he urged the pope to become reconciled with the kingdom of Italy. Emphasizing the same idea in a letter addressed to Pius IX. and in his book U moderno dissidio tra la chiesa e I'ltalia (1877), he was expelled from his order and was not readmitted until a few days before his death. In 1879 he submitted a general declaration of obedience- to the Church, but in 1881 he again advocated his former views in his La nuova Italia ed i vecci zelanti (1881). This work, as well as the still bolder II Vaticano regie, tarh superstite delta chiesa cattolica (1883), was put upon the Index, and the author was suspended from all ecclesiastical functions; but after the publication of his Lo Scandalo del vaticano regio (1884) he was forced to recant. His chief works, in addition to those already mentioned, are as follows: La questione romana nelV assemblea francese (Paris, 1849); La demagogia italiana ed il papa-re (Naples, 1849); La natura e la grazia (2 vols., Rome, 1865); II Libra di Tobia esposto in lezioni (1877); II Nziovo Testamento volgarizzato ed esposto in note essegetiche e morali (3 vols., Naples, 1879-80); II Salterio volgarizzato daU'Ebreo ed esposto in note essegetiche e morali (Turin, 1883); and Di un socialismo cristiano nella questione operaia e nel conserto selvaggio degli moderni stati civili (Rome, 1885). Bibliography: The first portion of his Memorie, extending to 1849, was published at Florence in 1891; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bucher, pp. ii., 858, 862, 1137, 1166, Bonn, 1885.
CURETON, WILLIAM: Semitic scholar; b. at Westbury (11 m. w. of Shrewsbury), Shropshire, 1808; d. in London June 17, 1864. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A., 1831; M.A., 1833; B.D. and D.D., 1858; D.D., hon., Halle); was curate of Oddington, Oxfordshire, chaplain of Christ Church, chaplain in ordinary to the queen