RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ounnlngham Curia
(1847), canon of Westminster and rector of St. Margaret's (1849). He was sublibrarian at the Bodleian Library from 1834 to 1837, when he became assistant lieeper of manuscripts at the British Museum. Up to this time he had devoted himself particularly to Arabic, but the receipt of many new Syriac manuscripts from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, not far from Cairo, turned his attention to Syriac. In the collection he discovered certain copies of the letters of Ignatius, and pubHshed The Ancient Syriac Version of the Epistles of St. Ignatius to St. Polycarp, the Ephesians, and the Romans, with extracts from the epistles collected from various writers (text, transl., and notes, London, 1845), maintaining that here was the original and genuine text; this view being attacked (see Ignatius of Antioch), he published V indicia Ignatiance (1846); and, in 1849, the Corpus Ignatianum, a complete collection of the Ignatian Epistles in Syriac, Greek, and Latin. Another discovery, and that by which his name is best known, was that of the " Curetonian Gospels," a fragmentary Syriac version, unlike the Peshito, and, in Cureton's opinion, representing the original of Matthew more closely, published (text and transl.) in The Remains of a very Ancient Recension of the Four Gospels in Syriac hitherto unknown in Europe (1858). Other Syriac works were: The Festal Letters of Athanasius (1848; Eng. transl., by Henry Burgess, in Pusey's Library of the Fathers, 1854); The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John, Bishop of Ephesus (1853; transl. by Payne Smith,
1860) ; Spicilegium Syriacum, containing Remains of Bardesan, Meliton, Ambrose, and Mara bar Serapion (text, transl., and notes, 1855); Eusebius's History of the Martyrs in Palestine (text and transl.,
1861) . He also pubHshed Fragments of the Iliad from a Syriac Palimpsest (1851). Ancient Syriac Documents relative to the Earliest Establishment of Christianity in Edessa and the Neighboring Countries appeared posthumously, edited by W. Wright (1864). In Arabic he published the text of Shahrastani's " Mohammedan Sects " (2 vols., London, 1842-46); the commentary on Lamentations of Tanchum ben Joseph of Jerusalem (1843); the Pillar of the Creed of the Sunnites by al-Nasafi (1843); and the catalogue of Arabic manuscripts in the British Museum (1846).
CUREUS, cu-re'us, JOACHIM: German theologian of the Reformation period, whose original name was Scheer; b. at Freystadt (45 m. n.w. of Liegnitz), Silesia, Oct. 23, 1532; d. at Glogau (35 m. w.n.w. of Liegnitz) Jan. 21, 1573. From 1550 to 1554 he was at the University of Wittenberg, where he came at once under Melanchthon's influent-3. Returning to his native town to teach in the school, he worked there for a while in the spirit of Melanchthon to make his pupils love the Scriptures as well as their lessons. Meantime he began to study medicine, and spent two years (1557-59) at Padua and at Bologna, Vvhere he became a doctor of medicine. The rest of his life was spent as town physician at Glogau. He made his name known as a medical write.- in 1567 by his treatise De sensu et sensibilibus, and as a historian in 1571 by his Gentis
Silesia annates. Vogelin published his Formula precum e lectionibus dominicalibus in the year of his death; it is interesting especially for the view of the Lord's Supper expressed in his Eucharistic prayer. Of greater consequence was the Exegesis perspicua et ferme Integra de Sacra Ccena, which he had written against Heshusen in 1562 and circulated anonymously in manuscript. The year after his death, however, Vogelin published it, pretending that it came from Geneva, and circulated the edition cautiously in Wittenberg, and especially at Heidelberg and in France. Its distinction between Luther's real teaching and the expressions which had fallen from him in the heat of controversy, its appeal to the martyrdoms of the Calvinists as testimonies to the " celestial verity " for which they had died, and its opposition to ubiquity, manducatio oralis, and reception by the unbelieving, stirred up much feeling and brought down heavy penalties and ultimate exile upon Vogelin.
(G. I^AWERAU.) Bibliography: The early Vita was by J. Ferinarius, Liegnitz, 1601, reproduced in C. F. Heusinger, C'ommentatio de J. Cureo, Marburg, 1853, and M. Adami, Vitw Germanorum medicorum, pp. 197-216, Heidelberg, 1620. Consult H. Heppe, Geschichte des deutschen Protestantismus, i. 159 sqq., 438 sqq., Marburg, 1852.
CURIA.
The Cardinals (§ 1).
Officials of State (§ 2).
Judiciary and Administration (§ 3).
Congregations (§4).
Diplomatic Agents and Solicitors (§ 5).
Curia is a comprehensive term used in the phrase Curia Romano, " the Court of Rome," for the entire system of officials of various kinds and degrees who compose the administration of the pope. He may be regarded in various lights — as bishop of Rome; as metropolitan of a province comprising eight dioceses; as primate of the Roman West; or, according to Roman Catholic teaching, as the successor of Peter, prince of the apostles, and centerpoint of all Christendom. Until recently he was also the temporal ruler of the States of the Church (see Papal States), and the Curia included a number of secular oDicials whose duties related to this aspect of their chief's position.
Originally, just as an ordinary metropolitan has no subordinate officials as such, but makes use of those attached to his own see, the pope's assistants in not only his metropolitan, but also his primatial action, were the presbyters who gathered about him as bishop of Rome. The bishop of Rome had no special church, or, in the modern phrase, no cathedral; in the oldest period known the city was divided into districts, each with its own principal church. In charge of each of these iituU was a priest who represented the bishop, and who, as placed over such an important church, bore very
early the name incardinatus, cardi- I. The Car- nalis. The meetings of this presbydinals. terium were known either as synods or
as consistories, and in them all important affairs relating to the administration not only of the local church, but of the primacy were considered. According to the Pontifical of Damasus (d. 384) the city had been divided by Pope
Curia Curione