THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Faith (Nashville, 1905); and Sockty, Kingdom, and Church (Philadelphia, 1907). He also published a commentary on Colossians (Philadelphia, 1890), and edited J. A. Brodus's Preparation and Delivery of Sermons (New York, 1898).
DARIUS, da-rai'us: The name given to several kings in the Old Testament. The earliest form of the word is given in the old Persian inscriptions as Darayava{h)ush, " up-holding- weal."
1. Darius the Made (Dan. vi. 1 sqq., xi. 1), according to Dan. ix. 1, was son of Ahasuerus. These passages, in their mention of this king, raise the question of the authenticity of Daniel (q.v.). Dan. vi. 1, in connection with v. 28 sqq., makes Darius at the age of sixty-two the immediate successor of Belshazzar, who is the immediate predecessor of Cyrus as ruler of the Medo-Persian Empire according to Dan. vi. 2, 8, 26, 29. But according to the Ptolemaic canon, Cyrus the Persian succeeded Nabonidus, the last Chaldean king, and this is confirmed by the annals of Nabonidus and by the clay cylinder of Cyrus (cf. E. Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bihliothek, III. i., Berlin, 1890). A kingdom of Cyrus immediately after the fall of the Chaldeans was known to Berosus, Ctesias, Alexander Polyhistor, Strabo, and other ancient historians. In full accord with these facts is another, viz., that Cyrus ruled Babylon nine years, and died 529 e.g., so that the beginning of his reign over that city coincides with ifie fall of Nabonidus. There seems therefore little ground for a defense of the historicity of the Book of Daniel in this particular. A hypothesis which has been supposed to relieve the difficulty identifies Darius the Mede with the Cyaxares II. of Xenophon's Cyropoedia. Josephus (Ant., X. xi. 4) is held to warrant making Cyaxares the son and successor of Astyages and uncle of Cyrus (Xenophon, Cyropcedia, I. v. 2). Then, as the general of Cyaxares ( = Darius), Cyrus took Babylon, married the daughter of Cyaxares, and became his heir. But this introduces new difficulties, since Dan. Lx. 1 makes Ahasuerus (Xerxes) the father of Darius. Other hypotheses fail as signally to relieve the difficulty. Schrader {KAT, p. 437) explains the difficulty best by suggesting that the representation running through Daniel of some Median interregnum between Nabonidus and Cyrus leans upon an indistinct recollection of the once great power of the Medes, and refers to a later Darius.
2. Darius, son of Hystaspes, of the Achsemenidse, king of Persia 521-485 b.c. He is best known through the ten well-known trilingual cuneiform inscriptions (original in Persian, and two versions). The most important of these, the rock-inscription of Behistan, reports in detail the overthrow by Darius of the magian Gaumata (the Pseudo- Smerdis of the Greeks) and his campaign against other rebels. In the inscription Darius appears as a prince zealous in piety; in other sources he is praised for the benefits he conferred upon the Persian Empire during a fortunate reign. In tlic second and fourth years of his reign the prophecies of Haggai (i. 1, 15) and several of Zechariah (i. 1, 7; vii. 1) were dated; in his second year (Ezra iv. 24)
the work of rebuilding the temple was recommenced and finished in his sixth year (Ezra vi. 15).
3. Darius Codomannus (336-330 B.C.), the " king of the Medes and Persians " conquered by Alexander. He must be the Darius of Neh. xii. 22, since the Jaddua there named is necessarily the one mentioned by Josephus {Ant., XI. viii. 4) as high priest under Alexander. (E. Kautzsch.)
Bibliography: M. Duncker, Geschichte des AUerthums, iv. 254 sqq., Leipsic, 1877; F. Spiegel, Die altpersischen Keilinschrijten, ib. 1881; G. Rawlinson, Seven Great ^[ anarchies. NewYorls, 1900; DB, i. 558-559; EB, i. 1016-17; and tlie literature under Daniel, Book op; and Persia.
DARLINGTON, JAMES HENRY: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Harrisburg, Pa.; b. at Brooklyn, N. Y,., June 9, 1856. He studied at the University of the City of New York (B.A., 1877) and Princeton Theological Seminary (1880). He was licensed by the Presbytery of Newark 1879; but was ordered deacon and ordained priest in 1882 in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and from 1883 to 1905 was rector of Christ Church, Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, as well as archdeacon of Brooklyn in 1896-98. In 1905 he was consecrated bishop of Harrisburg. He was lecturer in New York University in 1902-03. He has written Pastor and People (Brooklyn, 1902), and has edited The Hymnal of the Church (New York, 1900).
DATHE, da'te, JOHANN AUGUST: Oriental scholar; b. at Weissenfels (20 m. s.w. of Leipsic), Prussian Saxony, July 4, 1731 ; d. at Leipsic Mar. 17, 1791. He studied at Wittenberg, Leipsic, and Gottingen; was professor at Leipsic from 1762. His chief work was a Latin translation of the entire Old Testament, with notes, one of the results of his labors in preparing his lectures (6 vols., Halle, 1773-89); the translation is free, exegetical, and somewhat paraphrastic, aiming to give the sense in good Latin, which occasioned the remark that Dathe made the prophets talk like Cicero. He also edited the Psalterium syriacum of Erpenius (Halle, 1768), the Grammatica and Rhetorica of the Philologia sacra of Glassius (Leipsic, 1776), and Walton's Prolegomena (1777). His minor works appeared posthumously, edited by E. K. F. Rosenmiiller under the title Opuscula ad crisin et interpretationem Veteris Testamenti spectantia (Leipsic, 1796).
DATHENUS, da-thl'nus, PETRUS (Pieter Daten) : Flemish Reformer; b. at Cassel (27 m. n.w. of Lille) in the present Department of Nord, France, 1531 or 1532; d. at Elbing (34 m. e.s.e. of Danzig), West Prussia, Mar. 17, 1588. While still a youth, in the Carmelite monastery at Ypres, the new ideas took possession of him, and he became a zealous champion of Evangelical truth in West Flanders. Because of persecution he fled to England with others, but a similar fate met him under Mary Tudor. Johannes a Lasco called him to Frankfort, where he was installed pastor of the Flemish congregation, Sept., 1555, by Micronius. Here he suffered much from the Lutheran clergy, incited by Joachim Westphal of Hamburg. On Apr. 23, 1561, the magistrates forbade the congregation to worship after their fashion in spite of the intercession of the elector Frederick III. and Philip of Hesse. Part moved to England, some went home