THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
chapels also exist. German congregations are found at Cairo and Alexandria, where they include the Swiss and Evangelical French. 3. Other From 1752 to 1783 the Moravians Commu- worked among the Copts, and since 1854 nions. the United Presbyterians of the United States have been engaged in mission work. The Indian prince Dalip Singh (d. 1893), who married an Evangelical Coptic woman, supported the mission, which in 1907 had fifty-three organized congregations and 140 stations. Fifteen ordained missionaries, thirteen lay missionaries (including five medical missionaries), sixteen missionary sisters, thirty ordained native ministers, thirty native auxiliary missionaries, 333 teachers, and thirty-eight colporteurs are among the number now at work. There are 25,500 baptized members, and 6,580 communicants. In 1901 the contributions for church purposes amounted to about $31,650. In the 169 schools 13,406 pupils were taught (including 6,852 Copts and 2,924 Mohammedans), and $31,489 were contributed for educational work. In 1882 a mission among the Mohammedans was begun by the Anglican Church Missionary Society, but its success has not been great. Since 1892 the North African Mission has worked in the same direction in the Nile delta. A small Dutch mission is also at work, as well as the Egyptian General Mission, which has its headquarters in Ireland. See also " Egypt " under title Africa, vol. i., p. 67. F. Kattenbusch.
Bibliography: Articles which cover the whole topic except Modern Egypt are DB, i. 653-667; EB, ii. 1203- 1247. The article in KL, i. 256-267 includes Modern Egypt.
On the archeology consult: A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, New York, 1894 (supersedes all earlier works); the various Reports and other publications of the two societies treated below, which give results of their operations; the publications of the Mission archeblogique francaise au Caire, Paris, 1885 sqq. (a magnificent series of volumes dealing with various topics); G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Hist, of Art in Ancient Egypt, 2 vols., London. 1883; W. M. F. Petrie, Historical Scarabs, London, 1889; idem, Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, New York, 1892; idem, Egyptian Decorative Art, ib. 1895; G. Maspero, Life in Ancient Egypt, ib. 1891; E. A. W. Budge, The Mummy: Chapters on Egyptian Funeral Archaeology, Cambridge, 1893; W. Max Miiller, Asien und Europa nach altagyptischen Denkmalern, Leipsic, 1893; M. Benson and J. Gourlay, The Temple of Mut in Asher illustrating the Hist, of Egypt and the Main Religious Ideas of the Egyptians, London, 1899; J. de Morgan, Recherches sur les origines de I'Egypte; I'dge de la pierre et les metaux, Paris, 1895-96; H. Wallis, Egyptian Pottery, London, 1898; M. Brodrick and A. A. Morton, Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archeology, ib. 1901; J. Capart, Les Debuts de Vart en Egypte, Brussels, 1904, Eng. transl.. Primitive Art in Egypt, Philadelphia, 1905; F. W. von Bessing, Monuments of Egyptian Sculpture, New York, 1906 (typical examples of art arranged chronologically); T. M. Davis, E. Naville, H. Carter, Theodore M. Davis' Excavations, New York, 1906; A. H. Gardiner, Inscription of Mes: Study of Egyptian Judicial Procedure, ib. 1906; G. Maspero, Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, ib. 1906; P. E. Newberry, Scarabs: Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals and Signet Rings, London, 1906; H. Schneider, Kullur und Denken der alien Aegypter, Leipsic, 1907; E. A. W. Budge, The Egyptian Sudan, its History and Monuments, 2 vols., London, 1907.
On the history it is to be remarked that the earlier works are superseded and should be used only with the greatest care. Consult J. H. Breasted, A Hist, of Egypt, New York, 1905 (in connection with this may be employed Breasted 's A ncienl Records of Egypt, including the Historical
Documents, 5 vols., Chicago, 1905-06); idem, History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908(abrief and handy manual) ; A. Wiedemann, A egyplische Geschichte, Gotha, 1884; E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, vol.i., Stuttgart, 1884; idem, Geschichte des alien Aegyptens, Berlin, 1887; W. M. F. Petrie, A Hist, of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Thirtieth Dynasty, 6 vols., New York, 1894-1905; A. H. Sayce, The Egypt of the Hebrews and of Herodotus, ib. 1895; F. G. Fleay, Egyptian Chronology, ib. 1899; G. Maspero, History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East, 3 vols., ib. 1897-1900; E. A. W. Budge, A Hist, of Egypt, 8 vols., ib. 1902. On the Greek period, besides the appropriate sections in works mentioned above, consult: J. P. Mahaffy, The Empire of the Ptolemies, London, 1895; M. C. Strack, Die Dynastie der Ptolemiier, Berlin, 1897. For the Roman period, J. G. Milne, History of Egypt under Roman Rule, London, 1899. On the external relations of Egypt, consult W. M. Muller, ut sup., and the literature under Amarna Tablets.
On the religion: A. Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1897 (the best single work); G. Steindorff, The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, ib. 1905 (covers the subject, but largely on the basis of Herodotus); M. Brimmer, Egypt: Three Essays on the ^Religion, Hist., and Art, Boston, 1891; G. Maspero, Etudes de mythologie et d'archeologie, 4 vols., Paris, 1893-1900; G. St. Clair, Creation Records in Egypt. Studies in the Book of the Dead, London, 1898; W M. F. Petrie, Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt, ib. 1898; E. A. W. Budge, Egyptian Ideas of a Future Life, Oxford, 1899; idem, Egyptian Magic, ib. 1899; idem, The Gods of the Egyptians, 3 vols., London, 1905 (sumptuous and meaty); idem, Egyptian Heaven and Hell, ib. 1906; A. H. Sayce, Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, New York, 1903; A. Erman, Die agyptische Religion, Berlin, 1905, Eng. transl.. Handbook of Egyptian Religion, London, 1907; E. Naville, La Religion des anciens Egyptiens, Paris, 1906; DB, Extra volume, pp. 176-197.
On the literature: For the Book of the Dead, the recension of the British Museum copy was reproduced in color by Griggs, London, 1889; that of the Turin Papyrus was edited by R. Lepsius, Leipsic, 1842; The Book of the Dead was translated in part by Le P. Renouf for the Society of Biblical Archaeology, parts i.-iv., London, 1893-95, completed by E. Naville, 1907; it has been translated into English by C. H. S. Davis, New York, 1894, and by E. A. W. Budge, 3 vols., London, 1898 (text, vocabulary, and translation). An excellent Fr. transl. is by P. Pierret, Paris, 1882. Collections are: K. Piehl, Inscriptions hieroglyphiques, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1886-1903; Corpus papyrorum Mgypti, ed. R. Ravillout and A. Eisenlohr, Paris, 1894 sqq.; Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums, ed. G. Steindorff, Leipsic, 1903 sqq. Egyptian Tales from the Papyri, 2 series, ed. and transl. by W M. F. Petrie, New York, 1894-95 is of great interest psychologically and from the point of view of folklore. Consult also: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Aegyptens, ed. K. Sethe, 4 vols., Leipsic, 1896 sqq.; R. Lepsius, Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, Leipsic, 1897 sqq. (4 vols, issued); G. Ebers, Papyrus Ebers, 2 vols., ib. 1875; I. Mjrer, The Oldest Books in the World, London, 1900; A. Erman, Aegyptische Chrestomathie, New York, 1895.
On exploration and excavation consult: G. Steindorff, in H. V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1903; W. M. F. Petrie, Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, London, 1892; the Annual Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1890 sqq., furnish accounts not only of the work of that association but of the discoveries made by other investigators; Bibliothrque egyptologique, Paris, 1893 sqq., contains many memoirs of a historical nature concerning exploration and excavation.
On Modern Egypt: De Chabroe, Essai sur les maurs des habitants modernes de I'Egypte, in Description de I'figypte, ii. 2, pp. 361-526, Paris, 1822; J. Silbernagl, Verfassung und gegenwartiger Bestand sammtlicher Kirchen des Orients, Landshut, 1907; H. Stephan, Das heviige Aegypten, Leipsic, 1872; M. Liittke, Aegyptens neue Zeit, Leipsic, 1873 (the most comprehensive book for ecclesiastical matters); O. Schneider, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der griechisch-orthodoxen Kirche Aegyptens, Dresden, 1874 (important); O. Werner, Orbis terrarum catholicus, pp. 195 sqq., Freiburg, 1890; F. Kattenbusch, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Confessionskunde, i. 170 sqq., Freiburg.