THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
which contained no orthodox utterances on the " operations and wills " of Christ; therefore the monks of Rome, fearing the invasion of heterodoxy, protested, and clergy and people took their side. Eugenius was forced to promise to repel the approaches of Constantinople, and the hope of reconciliation was frustrated. He died June 2 or 3, 657. (H. Bohmee.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalia, ed. Duchesne, i. 34, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 185; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste von Gregor I., i. 177-178, Elberfeld, 1868; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche bis Leo I., i. 356-359, Bonn, 1881; Mann, Popes, I., i. 406-412; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 238 sqq.; DCB, ii. 270; Bower, Popes, i. 457- 458; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 281.
Eugenius II.: Pope 824-827. After the death of Paschalis I. the people of Rome chose as their candidate for the vacancy the deacon Laurentius. But the nobility finally gained the victory, and their choice, Eugenius, archpriest of Santa Sabina, was consecrated and enthroned as Eugenius II. June 6, 824. The emperor Louis acknowledged him, and sent his son Lothair to Rome to settle existing difficulties. The points settled between Lothair and the pope were, in the main, four: (1) the annulment of illegal confiscations which had taken place under the late popes; (2) regulation of the administration of justice and suppression of brigandage; (3) regulation of the relation of subjects to the Frankish empire; (4) regulation of papal elections. The political supremacy of the emperor over Rome was emphasized by Lothair in every respect. Each newly elected pope had to avow his faithfulness to the emperor before consecration. Nevertheless, Lothair considered the wishes of all parties, the people, the nobility, and the papal court, as far as possible and thus his mission had the desired success; peace and justice were secured for a number of years in Rome. But while the young Lothair tried to emphasize the Frankish supremacy, the old emperor yielded to the pope the general administration of ecclesiastical affairs. In the controversy concerning pictures in the church (824-826) which was initiated by Emperor Michael II. of Byzantium, the Frankish emperor conceded all authority to the pope. At a synod in Rome, in 826, it was manifest that the papacy had now seized the reins of church government. The pontificate of Eugenius II. makes, at least ecclesiastically, an important advance in the emancipation of the papacy from the Frankish empire. (H. Bohmbr.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 69, Paris, 1894; Annates Einhardi, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH, Script., i (1826), 135-218; Theganus, Vita Hludowici, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH, Script., ii (1829), 585-603; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 322 sqq.; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, i. 331-339, Elberfeld, 1868; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Leo /., pp. 809-815, Bonn, 1885; Hauck, KD, ii. 444 sqq., 489; Bower, Popes, ii. 202-208.
Eugenius III.: Pope 1145-53. He was a Pisan by birth, Bernard by name, had studied under the great Bernard at Clairvaux, and was appointed by him abbot of the Cistercian monastery of St. Athanasius near Rome; he was also a cardinal. When Pope Lucius II. died suddenly, Feb. 15, 1145, in the midst of his struggle with the Roman Senate
(see Lucius II.), the cardinals immediately elected Bernard his successor, and he was enthroned in the Lateran as Eugenius III., all on the same day. Two days later the senatorial party compelled him to leave the city. A sentence of excommunication pronounced by him against the patrician Pierleone had no effect, and Bernard of Clairvaux, who interceded for him, was unable to pacify
Disorders the Romans; nor yet could the pope
in Rome, induce King Conrad III. of Germany to take arms against the insurgent Romans. Not until Christmas, was Eugenius able to reenter Rome, after concluding a treaty of peace with the senatorial party, wherein he recognized the Roman Republic under that party's authority. A few weeks later, however, he was compelled once again to forsake the Lateran.
At this time Eugenius succeeded in assuming the leadership in a matter which concerned all Western Christendom. In consequence of the conquest of Edessa by the Emir Zengi of Mosul (Christmas, 1144), the Christian seigniories in the East were gravely imperiled, while from Jerusalem itself there came urgent appeals for help; furthermore an Armenian embassy opened up some prospect of a submission of the Armenian Church to the Roman See. The interest of Eugenius III. in behalf of the East was so strongly aroused that on Dec. 1, 1145, he issued the encyclical Quantum prcedecessores summoning the king, the nobility and the people of France to take up the cross, and assuring them of ecclesiastical rewards the same The Second as on the First Crusade. This appeal
Crusade, had a brilliant sequel. Louis VII. of France, who had long projected a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was promptly ready; and even Conrad III. of Germany promised, at the Imperial Diet of Speyer, Dec. 27, 1146, to support the cross. That the appeal resulted so effectually was really due to Bernard of Clairvaux (q.v.). But the pope profited by it, as is manifest above all in connection with the synod convened at Reims on Mar. 21, 1148, and attended by more than four hundred bishops. Among the notable measures then passed (the acts are not preserved) is the declaration of the invalidity of consecration by Anacletus II., and of marriages contracted by priests; as well as the imposition of the interdict upon the residence of an excommunicated person. Eugenius felt his position to be so strengthened that he ventured to suspend the archbishops of Cologne and Mainz, and came near excommunicating King Stephen of England; envoys of King Henry of Germany requested of him a brief to the German clerics exhorting them to stand loyally by his side in his father's absence. While this synod was yet in session the pope received news of the discomfiture of the German and French crusaders; whereupon he hastily returned to Italy.
Not very favorable conditions awaited him here. Arnold of Brescia (q.v.), who had been received again into the communion of the Church by Eugenius at the beginning of his pontificate, had remained quiet at first; but during the Pope's long absence from Rome, he had resumed his reformatory efforts. By his espousal of magnificent plans