RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Eiigenius
for the Eternal City, he had so fascinated the
Roman people that a treaty was concluded
according to which Arnold pledged
Arnold of himself under oath to defend the Ro- Brescia. man Republic, and the people on their side promised to support him. All the attempts of Eugenius to break this bond between Arnold and the Romans were ineffectual. Nor did he succeed, at the close of 1149 and with the aid of King Roger of Sicily, in subduing the Roman Republic by force of arms.
This alliance with the Norman king also exercised an unfavorable influence upon his relations with Conrad of Germany, who, on his side, aroused the pope's suspicion by reason of a compact with the Greek Emperor Manuel. The antipapal party in Rome sought to utilize this tension between Eugenius and Conrad for their own ends, and endeavored to draw the latter over to their side, though without success. When the pope through a treaty with the Roman Senate was able to return to Rome, the relations between pope and king assumed a more favorable turn, since Eugenius supported Conrad in restitution of Duke Wladislav of Poland, his half-sister's husband. However,
Relations new tensions arose not long afterward.
with Ger- In France there was an active desire
many and for a new crusade to restore the shat- France. tered Christian rule in the East; and because the miscarriage of the last crusade was charged against the Greek Empire, the enterprise was to be directed against this power. But this plan was to be executed only in case Roger of Sicily fought on the side of France; and since this contingency in turn presupposed the neutrality of the German king, the undertaking of the crusade depended upon the problematical success of achieving a reconciliation between Roger and Conrad. The attempt miscarried; and at this juncture Eugenius made a total change of policy, withdrawing his support from the crusading project, and contriving to restore favorable relations with the German king. Their mutual interests drew them still closer together. The pope, unable to master the continually recurring tumults in Rome and again forced to leave the city, desired the king's intervention; and Conrad aspired to the Imperial crown: hence he formed the plan of a march to Rome, which was formally approved by the magnates of the Empire at the Imperial Diet of Wiirzburg, Sept. 15, 1151, and the preparations were begun; but before the appointed term, Conrad died at Bamberg, Feb. 15, 1152. His successor, Frederick I., Barbarossa, adopted the plan, and the German princes, at a new Imperial Diet at Wiirzburg (Oct. 13, 1152), swore to support the Roman expedition.
Before it was actually started, however, Eugenius came to such terms with the Romans that he could return to Rome, this time cordially received by Senate and people. There he concluded with the envoys of the German king a treaty which proved highly important in the statecraft of the following years; it was ratified by Frederick at Constance, Mar. 23, 1153. The king promised to conclude peace neither with the Romans nor with
Roger of Sicily without the approbation of Eugenius or his successors; to subject, so far as he could, the Romans to the pope as they Treaty had been subject to him a century between past; to defend against every assailant Eugenius the honor and the regalia of St. Peter and Fred- as guardian steward of the Roman erick I. Church. The pope promised to honor the king as son of St. Peter, to crown him emperor, and to proceed against foes of the Empire with canonical penalties. They promised reciprocally to cede no domain in Italy to the Greek emperor, and if he made an incursion there, to drive him out.
Eugenius died near Tibur July 8, 1153, and was buried in St. Peter's at Rome. His conduct as politician was not without address, and the apprehensions of Bernard of Clairvaux, who dedicated to him the famous tract De consider utione, were not realized. He surrendered naught of the papal authority, and understood how to uphold it. In his manner of life and in his sympathies he constantly showed that he was an old Cistercian. That he failed to master the Roman revolutionary movement is not an evidence of incapacity. It was good fortune for him that he died before the great conflict broke out between Frederick I. and the Papacy. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: The Epistolce and Privilegia of Eugenius III. are in MPL, cvi., clxxx., clxxxii. Consult: J. Delannes, Hist, du pontificat d' Eugene III., Nantes, 1737; Jaffe\ Regesta, ii. 20-89; G. Sainate, Vita del Eu-
genio III., Pisa, 1868; M. Jocham, Geschichte des Lebens . des Papstes Eugenius III., Augsburg, 1873;
F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, IV., ii. 56-64, London, 1896; ,T. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VIII., Bonn, 1893; J. Jastrow and G. Winter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen, vol. i.f Stuttgart, 1897; Bower, Popes, ii. 477-485; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 244-262.
Eugenius IV. (Gabriello Condulmieri): Pope 1431-47. He came from a Venetian mercantile family and belonged to the Celestine Order. Although he was still young and none too well equipped for the position, he was chosen to succeed Martin V on Mar. 3, 1431. The history of his papacy is largely that of the Council of Basel, and his importance is in the fact that to him more than to any one else was due the failure of the council and the whole idea of reform by councils. He summoned the council Mar. 12, 1431, but soon repented, for he realized that it might bring great danger to himself. The distrust between pope and council grew steadily on both sides, and culminated in a bull of the former dissolving the council and action by the latter deposing the pope and the choice of Felix V. (q.v.) as his successor (see Basel, Council of). An event favorable to Eugenius was the union consummated (on paper) in 1439 between the Roman and Greek Churches, whereby his reputation in the West was considerably augmented (see Ferrara-Florence, Council of). He also lived to see Germany, which at first had declared itself neutral between pope and council, range itself on his side. In France he could not annul the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges of 1438 (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, III., 2), but he succeeded in keeping this
Eugipius Eunomius