THE NEW SOHAFF-HERZOG
3b*
committee, the Delegation Liberate. On Dec. 11, 1905, Parliament voted and promulgated a law which decreed the separation of Church and State. The two parties, the orthodox and the liberal, are now utterly separate. A third party, the Center, which had at first tried in vain to unite the two others, forms now a third church. The jthree churches are called: the Eglise ^Relormee Evang^lique (orthodox), the Union d'Eglises ReTormees de France (Center), and the Eglises R6f ormees Unies (liberal). — In 1848 Frederic Monod (q.v.) and others seceded from the State Church and in 1849 formed the Union des Eglises Evang61iques, generally called the Free Church. At first it numbered fifty congregations, but subsequently many returned to the State Reformed Church. See the articles Gallican Confession; Huguenots; and French Revolution.
2. The Lutheran Church: Before 1906 the status of the Lutheran Church also depended upon the laws of 1802 and 1852. The consistories, however, were to form an inspection, and the inspectors were chosen for life. The Church had a central governing body, the head consistory, in two divisions, one legislative and one administrative. This state of affairs lasted until the Franco-Prussian war, when the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, which contained six of the eight inspections, shook the Lutheran Church of France to its foundations and compelled it to enter upon a struggle for existence. The two inspections which were left (Montbeliard and Paris [including Algeria]) were at first suspicious of each other, and that of llontbeliard wished to join the Reformed churches. A general synod, summoned July 23, 1872, brought peace; and a proposition for union with the Reformed Church was voted down, likewise a creed submitted by the Pietistic minority. They passed, however, a project for reorganization of the Church, brought forward by the minority. The head consistory was given up and the Church was divided into two synodal districts, Montbeliard and Paris, almost wholly independent of each other. The inspectors were named for only nine years. There was a general synod constituted for the government of the Church, to meet alternately at Paris and at Montbeliard. The theological faculty at Strasburg was replaced by one at Paris. Owing to the disturbed condition of France after the war, this scheme was not sanctioned by the two chambers and carried into effect until 1880. At the separation of Church and State in 1905, the synod adapted the constitution of the Church to the law of separation, and named the Church the Eglise EVangelique LuthSrienne de France. The parishes became Associations cultuelles. C. Pfender.
3. Evangelical Work in France: Samuel Vincent says, " After the Revolution the French Protestants experienced a profound tranquillity very much like indifference. Religion possessed little interest for them, as it did for most Frenchmen; for them as for many others the eighteenth century was still in existence. The law of 1802 insured tranquillity and so relieved them and their pastors from all anxiety for the support of their form of worship, but at the same time that it removed the chief cause of unrest it also did away with that of awakening.
The pastors preached their sermons, the people heard them, the consistories met, the service retained all its forms, but no one was interested or troubled about it; religion was outside the sphere of every one's daily life." This condition of things lasted until the third decade of the century when the religious awakening came from Switzerland into France and gave new life to the Church. It roused especially a glowing zeal for missions, and Evangelical work of all kinds was undertaken with great eagerness. The famous society of Evangelical missions among the heathen was founded in 1822 Bible societies were formed (see Bible Societies' II., 2), also several other societies for Evangelical work in France. This great display of missionary zeal, however, has another side : French Protestantism up to the middle of the last century produced nothing noteworthy in theology. But since then matters have improved, societies have been formed, periodicals have been begun, and many learned works have been written. In this work the Lutheran Church has had its share; and the church at Paris especially has become a spiritual force. Since 1896 the Lutheran Church has maintained a mission in Madagascar. The Methodists in France have twenty-five parishes, the Baptists twenty-nine.
C. Pfender.
Bibliography: On the Catholic Church in general consult: Gallia Christiana, 16 vols., Paris, 1715-1865; J. H. Albanes, Gallia Christiana novissima, vol. i., Valence, 1899; W. H. Jervis, The Gallican Church 1616-1789, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1872; idem, The Gallican Church and the Revolution, London, 1882; E. de Pressense\ L'Eglise de Prance pendant la revolution, Paris, 1890; E. V. Maumus, La Republique el la politique de Veglise, Paris, 1892; C. F. Bellet, Les Origines des eglises de France et les fasles ipiscopaux, ib. 1898; E. Bire\ he Clerge de France pendant le revolution, 1789-1799, Lyons, 1901; L. Bourgain, L'Eglise de France et I'etat au 19 siecle, 2 vols., Paris, 1901; W. M. Sloane, The French Revolution and Religious Reform, 1789-1804, London, 1901; Archives de Vhitt. religieuse de la France, Paris, 1902 sqq.; F. V. A. Aulard, La Revolution francaise et les congregations, ib. 1903; L. Launay, Hist, de Veglise gauloise jusqu'a la conquete franque, 611, 2 vols., ib. 1906.
On the concordats consult: J. Baissac, Le Concordat de 1801 et les articles organiques, Paris, 1902; A. Body, Le Concordat; son histoire 1801-1903, Lyons, 1903; F. D. Matthieu, Le Concordat de 1801, Paris, 1903; A. Baudrillart, Quatre cents ans de concordat, ib. 1905; E. Sevestre, L'Histoire, le texte et la destinee du concordat de 1801, ib. 1905.
On the clergy and the orders consult: Recueil des octet, titres et memoires concernant les affaires du clerge de France, 12 vols., Paris, 1716; E. Menc, Le Clerge et les temps nouveaux, ib. 1892; A. Dessaine, Le ClergS jrancais au 20. siecle, ib. 1897; S. Grenier, Nos eviques, ib. 1900; E. Lesne, La Hierarchie episcopate en Gaule et Germane, 742-882, Lille, 1905; Le Clerge francais (annual); E Keller, Les Congregations religieuses en France. Paris, 1880; L. A. Rdmondiere, Les Congregations religieuses, le fisc, le parlement et le cow de cassation, ib. 1S92; G. tfurugue, Regime legal des congregations religieuses en France, ib. 1898; Beaunier, La France monastique, new ed., ib. 1905; Helyot, Ordres monasliques; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen.
On the separation of Church and State and its consequences consult: J. A. C. Sykes, The New Reign of Terror in France, London, 1903; J. L. E. Combes, Une campagne lalque, 1902-03, Paris, 1904; G. Berry, Une page d'hul.; la separation des eglises et de Vital a la chambre des deputes, ib. 1905; A. Briand, La Separation des tglises etde I'etat. Rapport au nom de la commission de la chambre des deputes, ib. 1905; P. Grunebaum Ballin, La Separation des eglises et de I'etat, ib. 1905; J. Roche, La Separation de Veglise et de fetal, ib. 1883; Berard, Estai hxt-