RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
France Francis, Saint
tongue sur la separation de Veglise et de Vetat pendant la revolution, ib. 1905; A. Debidour, L'Eglise catholique et Vital, 1870-96, vol. i., ib. 1906; R. Bertin et J. Charpentier Manuel des associations declarees, ib. 1907; J. E. C. Bodley. The Church in France, London, 1906; A. Galton, Church and State in France, 1300-1907, London, 1907; E Barbier, he Progres du liberalisme catholique en France sous . . Leon XIII., 2 vols., Paris, 1907; J. N. Brodhead The Religious Persecution in France, 1900-06, London 1907; E. Lecanuet, L'Eglise de France sous la troisietne republique, Paris, 1907. See also under Church and State.
On Protestantism in France consult: T. Beza, Hist, ecclesiaslique de France, ed. P. Vessor, 2 vols., Toulouse, 1882; D'Huisseau, La Discipline des eglises reformees de France, Geneva, 1666; G. de Felice, Hist, des synodes nationaux de Veglise reformee de France, Paris, 1864; idem, Hist, des protestanls de France, Toulouse, 1880; idem, Les Protestants d'autre fois, 4 vols., Paris, 1897- 1902; G. Weber, Geschichtliche Darstellung des Calvinismus in Frankreich bis zur Aufhebung des Edikts von Nantes, Heidelberg, 1836; A. [L. Herminjard, Correspondance des reformateurs, 9 vols., Geneva, 1866-97; E. Bersier, Hist, du synode generate de Veglise reformee de France, 2 vols., Paris, 1872; E. and E. Haag, La France protestante, ed. H. L. Bordier, Paris, 1877 sqq.; L. Aguesse, Hist, de V etablissement du protestantisme en France, 4 vols., ib. 1882-86; A. Lods, La Legislation des cultes protestants 1787-1887, ib. 1889; N. A. F. Puaux, Hist, du protestantisme en France, ib. 1894; J. B. Maraval, Le Protestantisme au 16. et 19. siecle, Albi, 1900; E. Belleroche, Successive Events that finally Led to the Edict of Nantes, New York, 1901; C. Durand, Hist, du protestantisme francais pendant la revolution et I'empire, Paris, 1902;
C. Coignet, L' Evolution du protestantisme francais au 19. siecle, ib. 1907; Bulletin historique et litteraire de la societe de Vhist. du protestantisme francais (a monthly); Actes et decisions du synode des eglises reformees de France ; E. Davaine and A. Lods, Annuaire du protestantisme francais, Paris, 1892 sqq.; S. Beaujour, L'Eglise reformee de France unie a Vetat, son organisation codifiee, Caen, 1883; and the literature under such articles as Coligni; Huguenots; Jansenism, and Nantes, Edict of. For the Lutheran Churches consult W. Jackson, Recueil des documents relatifs a la reorganisation de Veglise de la confession d'Augsbourg, Paris, 1881; L'Eglise lutherienne de Paris pendant la revolution, ib. 1892.
FRANCE, CONGREGATION OF. See Genevieve, Saint, Orders of, 1.
FRANCICA-NAVA DI BONTIFE, fran"chi"ca'na"va' di beii"ti"fe', GIUSEPPE: Cardinal; b. at Catania (54 m. n.n.w. of Syracuse), Sicily, July 23, 1846. After the completion of his studies and a successful career as a priest, he was consecrated titular bishop of Alabenda in 1883, and six years later was made titular archbishop of Heraclea and appointed papal nuncio to Brussels. He was then nuncio at Madrid, and in 1895 was enthroned archbishop of Catania. He was created cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo in 1899, and is a member of the Congregations of the Council, Index, Studies, and Ceremonial.
FRANCIS, SAINT, OF ASSISI, AND THE FRANCISCAN ORDER.
I. Life of Saint Francis.
Boyhood and Early Manhood (§1).
The Beginning of the Brotherhood (§2).
Work and Extension of the Brotherhood (§ 3).
The Last Years of Francis (§ 4).
II. The Three Rules of the Order and
the Testament of Saint Francis. The First Rule (§ 1). The Rule of 1221 (§ 2). The Third Rule (§3). The Testament (§ 4).
III. Development of the Order after the Death of Francis.
Dissensions During the Life of Francis (§ 1).
Development to 1239. The Laxer Party (§ 2).
To 1274. Bonaventura (§ 3).
To 1300. Continued Dissensions (§4).
Temporary Success of the Stricter Party. Persecution (§ 5).
Renewed Controversy on the Question of Poverty (§6).
Separate Congregations (§ 7). Unsuccessful Attempts to Unite the Order (§ 8). IV Spread of the Order in Modern Times. New Congregations (§1). Present Status (§ 2). Distinguished Names (§ 3). V. The Clarisses or Poor Clares. VI. The Third Order.
Origin and Rule (§ 1). New Arrangements of Leo XIII. (§2).
From the designation Fratres minor es the members of the Franciscan order were called Minorites, md in England they were popularly called Grey Friars from the color of their dress.
I. Life of Saint Francis: Giovanni Bernardone, sommonly known as Francesco, the founder of the Franciscan order, was born in the little town of Assisi, in Central Italy, between Perugia . and Foligno, in 1182. His father Pietro, a well-todo merchant, gave the boy a good education. The 1. Bovhood name °f Francesco (" the Frenchand Early man ")> by which his baptismal name Uanhood. was soon altogether replaced, is said to have been given him soon after his birth by his father, returning to Assisi from a trip to France; according to another account it was due to his early acquisition of the French language. Francis showed little inclination to concern himself with his father's business, but lived a gay life with the young men of his own age. In 1201 he joined a military expedition against Perugia, was taken prisoner, and spent a year as a captive. It is probable that his conversion to more serious thoughts was gradual. It is said that when he began to avoid the sports of his former compan-
ions, and they asked him laughingly if he were thinking of marrying, he answered " Yes, a fairer bride than any you have ever seen " — meaning his " lady poverty," as he afterward used to say. He spent much time in lonely places, asking God for enlightenment. By degrees he took to nursing the most repulsive victims in the lazar-houses near Assisi; and after a pilgrimage to Rome, where he begged at the church doors for the poor, he had a vision in which he heard a voice calling upon him to restore the Church of God which had fallen into decay. He referred this to the ruined church of St. Damian near Assisi, and sold his horse together with some cloth from his father's store, giving the proceeds to the priest for this purpose. Pietro, highly indignant, attempted to bring him to his senses, first with threats and then with corporal chastisement. After a final interview in the presence of the bishop, Francis renounced all expectations from his father, laying aside even the garments received from him, and for a while was a homeless wanderer in the hills around Assisi. Returning to the town, where he spent two years at this time, he restored several ruined churches, among them the little chapel of St. Mary of the
Francis, Saint