THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
returning to Wales in 1172. His abilities and family connections with the Welsh and Irish nobility made him a fitting agent of the English crown in the effort to extend its power in Wales and to introduce the Roman hierarchy. The archbishop of Canterbury commissioned him to reform the diocese of St. Davids, particularly to introduce celibacy and to collect tithes. He carried the work through with a high hand and, as a reward for his success, was made archdeacon of Brecknock (1175). In 1176 the chapter of St. Davids chose him to succeed his uncle, David Fitzgerald, as bishop of that see, hoping that he might attain to metropolitan rank, independent of Canterbury. Owing to English opposition he retired and till 1180 lectured with much approval on canon law in Paris. He was commissary to the bishop of St. Davids, as royal chaplain attended Prince John in Ireland (1185- 1186), and in 1188 accompanied Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, preaching the crusades. He did good service in keeping Wales peaceful and loyal after the death of Henry II (1189). In 1198, while he was living in retirement in Lincoln, the chapter of St. David again nominated him for bishop, but, as before, the archbishop of Canterbury would not have a Welshman. For four years Girald prosecuted a suit to obtain the see; he visited Rome three times, suffered many hardships and vicissitudes, but finally yielded, became reconciled with the king and archbishop, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement, devoted to literary work.
Girald wrote many works which are a strange mixture of truth and fiction, trivialities and important facts; his value as a historian is impaired by his vanity, partizanship, credulity, and use of legend and fable. Nevertheless he presents a picture of his time, and his information has importance in the absence of anything better. His descriptions of Ireland and Wales (Topographia Hibernice, Itinerarium Cambrice, Descriptio Cambrice) furnish about all that is known of land and people in his period. In his Speculum ecclesice and Gemma ecclesiastica he scourges the monastic life as he knew it. The Expugnatio Hibernice is the most important of his historical works. In De jure et stato Menevensis ecclesice he seeks to justify his claims to the bishopric. The De rebus a se gestis, De invectionibus liber, and Speculum electorum (letters, poems, addresses) are autobiographical and display his vanity and self-confidence. There is an excellent complete edition of his works, ed. J. S. Brewer, J. F. Dimock, and G. F. Warner (Rolls Series, no. 21, 8 vols., London, 1861-91). The Itinerarium Cambrice has been published with translation and sketch of his life by Sir R. C. Hoare (2 vols., London, 1804-06; the transl. is also in Bonn's Antiquarian Library, xli.). (C. ScHOLLf.)
Bibliography: A valuable work is J. Lynch, Cambrensis Eversus, ed. M. Kelly, 3 vols., Dublin, 1848-52; also by the same editor, S. White, Apologia pro Hibernia adversus Cambri Calumnias, ib. 1849. Consult Brewer's preface to the ed. of the works mentioned in the text; Lanigan, Eccl. Hist., cf. Index; Gerold le Gallois, in Memoires de Vacademie des sciences de Caen, 1887-88, pp. 117-180,
1889, pp. 3-73; H. Owen, Gerald the Welshman, London, 18S9
GIRDLE. See Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical.
GIRDLESTONE, ROBERT BAKER: Church of England; b. at Sedgley (13 m. n.w. of Birmingham) Staffordshire, Oct. 3, 1836. He studied at Charterhouse, London, and Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1859), and was head of the translation department of the British and Foreign Bible Society 1866-76 principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, 1877-89, and minister of St. John's, Downshire Hill, Hampstead 1889-1901. He is an honorary canon of Christ Church. He has served on various committees and subcommittees connected with the Church Missionary Society, the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the London Jews' Society, the National Protestant Church Union, and similar organizations. In theology he is a liberal Evangelical, but is conservative on Biblical questions. He has written Anatomy of Scepticism (London, 1863); Dies Irce (1869); Synonyms of the Old Testament (1871); How to Study the English Bible (1887); Foundations oj the Bible (1890); Doctor Doctorum (1892); Deuterographs: Duplicate Passages in the Old Testament (1894); The Student's Deuteronomy (1899); Grammar of Prophecy (1901); Why do I believe in Jesus Christ (1904); The Churchman's Guide (1905); and Monotheism, Hebrew and Christian (1907).
GLABRIO, gla-bri'6, MANIUS ACILIUS : Roman consul in the year 91, afterward banished and put to death by Domitian 95 a.d. He belonged to a family distinguished in Roman history from 200 B.C. till the end of the empire, especially in the second century, and has interest for church history because of certain fragments of epitaphs discovered by De Rossi in 1888 in an aisle of the catacombs of St. Priscilla on the Via Salaria near Rome. Because of the honorary epithets employed, the epitaphs can hardly refer to freedmen of the gens Acilia, but must mark the resting-places of actual members of the family (cf . Prosographia imperii Romani saeculorum I. -III., ed. E. Klebs, pp. 7-8, nos. 54-59, Berlin, 1897), who were evidently, from the wording of the inscriptions, Christians or at least friends of Christians. Evidence thus appears to be offered that even before the time of Commodus (cf. Eusebius, Hist, eccl., v. 21) some of the prominent circles of the Roman nobility were favorably disposed toward Christianity, and perhaps actual conversions occurred. It is possible that Glabrio was put to death as a Christian (see Domitian).
(Edgar Henneke.)
Bibliography: G. de Rossi, in Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, pp. 15 sqq., 103 sqq., table v., 1888-89; W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, ii. 272, London, 1890 (gives early sources for a life).
GLADDEN, WASHINGTON: Congregationalist; b. at Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 11, 1836. He was graduated at Williams College in 1859, and held pastorates at Brooklyn, N. Y. (1860-61), Morrisania. N. Y. (1861-66), and North Adams, Mass. (1866- 1871). He was then a member of the editorial staff of the New York Independent 1871-75 and pastor of the Congregational Church at Springfield. Mass., 1875-82, also editing the Sunday Afternoon (Spring-