THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1S73-S4 traveled in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. He was secretary of the Jewish community at Budapest from 1876 to 1905 and in 1894 was appointed professor of Semitic philology in the University of Budapest, while since 1900 he has been lecturer on the philosophy of religion in the Jewish Theological Seminary of the same city. He served as one of the members of the foreign board of consulting editors of the Jewish Encyclopedia, to which he also contributed (1901-05). He is particularly known for his researches in Mohammedanism. In theology he adheres to the critical method in all problems. He has written Studien iiber Tanchum Jeruschalmi (Leipsic, 1870); Der Mythos bei den Hebrdern und seine geschichtliche Entwicklung (1876; Eng. transl., Hebrew Mythology, by R. Martineau, London, 1877) ; Az Iszldm (Budapest, 1881); Die Zdhiriten, ihr Lehrsystem und ihre Geschichte (Leipsic, 1884); Muhammedanische Studien (2 vols., Halle, 1889- 1890); Der Diwdn des Garwal ben Aus Al-Hutej'a (Leipsic, 1893); Abhandlungen zur arabischen Philologie (2 vols., Leyden, 1896-99); Le Livre de Mohammed ibn Toumert, Mahdi des Almohades ( Algiers, 1903); and A Buddismus hatdsa az Iszldmra (Budapest, 1903); and has edited Kitab ma ani al-nafs (Gottingen, 1907).
GOLGOTHA. See Holt Sepulcher.
GOLTZ, EDUARD, FREIHERR VON DER:
German Protestant; b. at Langenbruck (16 m. s.e. of Basel), Switzerland, July 31, 1870. He was educated at the universities of Berlin, Halle, and Bonn (he. theol., Berlin, 1893), was vicar at Fehrbellin (1895-96), and pastor at Deyelsdorf, Pommerania (1898-1902). In 1902 he became privat-docent for practical theology at the University of Berlin, where he still remains. He has written Das Gebet in der dltesten Christenheit (Leipsic, 1901); Reisebilder aus dem griechisch-tiirkischen Orient (Halle, 1902); and Der Dienst der Frau in der christlichen Kirche (Potsdam, 1905); Athanasius de Virginitate (Leipsic, 1905); and Tischgebete und Abendmahlgebete in der allchristlichen und griechischen Kirche (1905).
GOLTZ, HERMANN, FREIHERR VON DER:
German Protestant; b. at Diisseldorf May 17, 1835; d. in Berlin July 23, 1906. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin, Tubingen, and Bonn (1853-58), and after being chaplain to the Prussian embassy in Rome from 1861 to 1865, was appointed associate professor of theology at Basel, becoming full professor there in 1870. In 1873 he went to Bonn in a similar capacity, but after 1876 resided in Berlin as honorary professor, councilor of the supreme consistory, member of the supreme Evangelical church council, and provost of St. Peter's. He wrote Die reformierte Kirche Genf's im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Basel, 1862; Gottes Offenbarung durch heilige Geschichte, nach ihrem Wesen beleuchtet (1868) ; Die christlichen Grundwahrheiten, oder die allgemeinen Priricipien der christlichen Dogmatik (Gotha, 1873); and Tempelbilder aus dem Leben des Herrn Jesw ("sermons; Berlin, 1877). He also collaborated with A. Wach in editing Synodalfragan zur Orien-
tirung uber die bevorstehende General-Synode (Bielefeld, 1S74-75).
GOMARUS (GOMAR), FRANCISCUS: Leader of the strict Calvinistic party in Holland in the Arminian controversy; b. at Bruges, in Flanders, Jan. 30, 1563; d. at Groningen Jan. 11, 1641. He devoted himself to humanistic studies under Johann Sturm at Strasburg, and, beginning in 1580, studied theology at Neustadt under Ursinus, Zanchius, and Tossanus, then successively at Oxford, Cambridge, and Heidelberg. From 1587 he was pastor of the Netherlandish congregation in Frankfort-on-the- Main. In 1594 he became professor of theology in Leyden. His strict Calvinism involved him in severe controversies with Arminius when he became his colleague in 1603. The chief point of dispute was the doctrine of predestination. The controversy soon became general. Colloquies arranged for the purpose of reconciling the opponents were without success. When Arminius died in 1609, Konrad Vorst (q.v.), a man of still more heterodox tendencies, became his successor, and Gomarus resigned in 1611 and became preacher of the Reformed congregation in Middelburg, where he also lectured on theology and Hebrew. In 1614 he went to Saumur as professor of theology, and four years later to Groningen. He took a prominent part in the Synod of Dort (1618-19), and was one of the chief opponents of Arminianism in that assembly. Thenceforth he lived a lonely life at Groningen. In 1633 he took part in the revision of the translation of the Bible at Leyden. He was of a polemical nature, but faithful and conscientious in the discharge of duty. His collected works, mostly polemical, appeared in one volume folio, Amsterdam, 1645. See Arminius, Jacobus, Arminianism; Dort, Synod of; Remonstrants.
(S. D. van Veen.)
Bibliography: B. Glasius, Godgeleerd Nederland, i. 537, 546, Hertogenbosch, 1851; C. Sepp, Het godgeleerd Omderwijs in Nederland, i. 101-120, 167-170, Leyden, 1873. Consult also A. Schweizer, Die protestantischen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwickelung, ii. 31-224, Zurich, 1856.
GOMER. See Table of Nations.