RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gotteskasten G-ottschalk
to reform the decayed monastery of Hersfeld in Hesse, and later that of Tegernsee. In 1012 he was able to return to Altaich, but was often called upon for counsel by the emperor, who nominated him to the bishopric of Hildesheim in 1022. He maintained the condition of the diocese at the height at which his predecessor Bernward (q.v.) had left it, and even improved it in some regards. He consecrated more than thirty new churches during his episcopate, and partly restored the cathedral; he promoted the cause of education, and reconstructed the system of the Hildesheim school. He remained a monk at heart, and kept his clergy under strict discipline. At the request of St. Bernard, he was canonized by Innocent III. in a council at Reims, 1131; and Bernard founded in his honor a monastery at Hildesheim, to which his remains were translated from the cathedral.
(G. UlILHORNf.)
Bibliography: The two early lives and other documents, ed. G. H. Pertz, are in MGH, Script., xi (1854), 162-218; one of these lives and other documents are in ASB, May, i. 502-530, cf. Wattenbach, DGQ, ii (1894), 18-26. Consult: J. M. Kratz, Der Dom zu Hildesheim, vol. iii., Hildesheim, 1840; H. A. Luntzel, Geschichte der Diocese und Stadt Hildesheim, 2 vols., ib. 1858; F. X. Sulzbeck, Leben des Gotthard, Regensburg, 1863; L. Lennsen, Beitrage zur Kritik Hildesheimer Geschichtsquellen des 11. Jahrhunderts, pp. 1-24, Tubingen, 1878; H. Bresslau, in Jahrbilcher des deutschen Reichs unter Konrad II., i. 353-360 Leipsic, 1879 (against Lennsen).
GOTTHEIL, get'hail, GDSTAV: American Jewish rabbi; b. at Pinne (30 m. n.w. of Posen), Prussia, May 28, 1827; d. in New York City Apr. 15, 1903. He was educated in his native city and at the universities of Berlin and Breslau (Ph.D., 1853). In 1855 he became the assistant of Samuel Holdheim at the Berlin Reformgenossenschaft, where he remained until 1860. In the latter year he accepted a call to Manchester, England, as rabbi to the Congregation of British Jews (Reformed) in that city, being also teacher of German in Owens College, Manchester. In 1873 he left Manchester for New York City to be the assistant of Samuel Adler, senior rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, of which he became rabbi eighteen months later on Adler's retirement. He himself retired as rabbi emeritus in 1899. During his rabbinate he was one of the founders of a Jewish theological seminary in New York City. He likewise established the Sisterhood of Personal Service, founded the Association of Eastern Rabbis (later amalgamated with the Central Conference of American Rabbis), and was also a founder of the (American) Jewish Publication Society (of which he was elected president), and of the New York State Conference of Religions, vicepresident of the Federation of American Zionists, and chairman of the Revision Committee of the Union Prayer-Book. In honor of his seventy-fifth birthday the Gustav Gottheil Lectureship in Semitic Languages was established at Columbia University. His theological position was that of Reformed Judaism. He lectured repeatedly on Jewish subjects in Protestant Churches, and in addition to numerous lectures and contributions to periodicals, wrote Sun and Shield (New York, 1896), besides editing Hymns and Anthems (1887).
GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO : American Jewish Orientalist, son of the preceding, b. at Manchester, England, Oct. 13, 1862. He was educated at Columbia College (A.B., 1881), the universities of Berlin, Tubingen and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1886), the Lehranstalt fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Berlin, and the Veitel Ephraim Beth Hamidrash in the same city. He has been professor of rabbinic literature and Semitic languages in Columbia University since 1887, and was also president of the Federation of American Zionists from 1898 to 1904. Since 1903 he has been vice-president of the American Jewish Historical Society, and is also vicepresident and one of the founders of the Judseans. He is likewise president of the Jewish Religious School Union, which he established, and is head of the Oriental department of the New York Public Library. He is editor of the Columbia University Oriental Series and (together with Morris Jastrow) of the Semitic Study Series, and was editor of the departments of Jewish history from Ezra to 1492 and of the history of post-Talmudic literature on the Jewish Encyclopedia (12 vols., New York, 1901- 1906). In addition to numerous contributions to Oriental and popular periodicals, and besides many articles in standard works of reference, he has edited A List of Plants and their Properties from the Mendrat Kudhshe of Gregorius bar Ebhrdyd (Berlin, 1886); A Treatise on Syriac Grammar by Mar Elid of Sobhd (Berlin, 1887); and Selections from the Syriac Julian Romance (Ley den, 1906).
GOTTI, GIROLAMO MARIA: Cardinal priest; b. at Genoa, Italy, Mar. 29, 1834. At the age of sixteen he entered the Order of Discalced Carmelites in his native city, and after completing his education there, was appointed professor of philosophy and theology in the same monastery, as well as instructor in mathematics at the royal school for naval cadets at Genoa. In 1870 he was summoned to Rome by the General of his Order to act as his adviser at the Vatican Council, and two years later he became Procurator-General of the Discalced Carmelites. In 1881 he was chosen General, and in this capacity traveled both in Europe and Palestine. He was consecrated titular archbishop of Petra in 1892 and sent to Brazil as papal internuncio, and in 1895 was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria della Scala. He was likewise appointed Prefect of the Congregation of Indulgences and Relics, holding this office until 1899, when he became Prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. In 1902 he succeeded Cardinal Ledochowski as Prefect of the Congregation of the Propaganda, and is likewise a member of several other Roman Congregations.
GOTTSCHALK: 1. A monk who started a famous controversy concerning predestination in the ninth century; b. c. 805; d. at the monastery of Hautvilliers, near Reims, 868 or 869. He was the son of Berno, a Saxon count, and was sent to the abbey of Fulda in early youth, but later felt little inclination toward the spiritual calling. A synod at Mainz in 829 declared in favor of releasing him from his vow; but his abbot, Rabanus Maurus (q.v.), refused to do so, and Gottschalk was sent to
Gottschalk Gouge