RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gravamina Greece
Friends' Summer School in 1897-1899. He has been a member of the Board of the Faculty of Oriental languages in Oxford University since 1896, and of the general and executive committees of the Palestine Exploration Fund since 1905. In theology he is a liberal Evangelical. He has written Studies in Hebrew Proper Names (London, 1896); The Divine Discipline of Israel (1900); Numbers in The Temple Bible (1902); and Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers (Edinburgh, 1903).
GRAY, GEORGE ZABRISKIE: Protestant Episcopalian; b. in New York City July 14, 1838; d. at Sharon Springs, N. Y., Aug. 4, 1889. He was educated at the University of the City of New York (A.B., 1858), the Theological Seminary at Alexandria, Va., and the Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia (1862). After being rector of St. Paul's, Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1863-65, and at Trinity, Bergen Point, N. J., in 1865-76, he was dean and professor of systematic divinity at the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. He wrote The Children's Crusade: An Episode of the Thirteenth Century (Boston, 1872) which made his literary reputation and still holds its place; The Scriptural Doctrine of Recognition in the World to Come (New York, 1875); Husband and Wife : or, The Theory of Marriage and its Consequences (Boston, 1885); and The Church's Certain Faith (New York, 1890).
GRAY, WILLIAM CRANE: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Southern Florida; b. at Lambertville, N. J., Sept. 6, 1835. He was educated at Kenyon College, where he took the college and the theological courses simultaneously, being graduated in 1859. From 1860 to 1881 he was rector of St. James's, Bolivar, Tenn., where, soon after the close of the Civil War, he established St. James's Girls' School (now called St. Katharine's School). He was then rector of the Church of the Advent, Nashville, Tenn., from 1881 to 1892, and in the latter year was consecrated missionary bishop of southern Florida. In theology he holds firmly to the fundamental doctrines of the Church — the Scriptures, the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, the Sacraments, and the threefold ministry with apostolic succession — but lays less stress on details of ritual and matters of opinion not concerned with these essential tenets.
GRAY, WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM: Presbyterian layman; b. at Pleasant Run, O., Oct. 17, 1830; d. at Oak Park, 111., Sept. 29, 1901. He was educated at Farmers' College, College Hill, O. (A. B., 1850), and after being admitted to the bar in 1852 was a political editor until 1870. From the latter year until his death he was editor of the Interior, a Presbyterian organ, which he made one of the leading periodicals of the denomination. He was also the author of Camp-Fire Musings : Life and Good Times in the Woods (New York, 1894).
GREAT BIBLE. See Bible Versions, B, IV., §4.
GREECE.
I. In the Apostolic Age. Government under the Romans. The Proconsul Gallio (§ 1). II.
I. In the Apostolic Age: The name Hellas (E.V. " Greece ") occurs in the New Testament only in Acts V.— 4
Paul at Athens (§ 2). Corinth (§ 3). Nicopolis (§ 4). Modern Greece.
xx. 2. From the connection the province of Achaia exclusive of Macedonia is evidently meant, especially Corinth, though the city is not mentioned. With the destruction of Corinth and the overi. Govern- throw of the Achean league under ment under Mummius in 146 B.C., Greece became a the Romans. Roman province, administered by the The Procon- consul, proconsul, or pretor of Macesul Gallio. donia. After the battle of Actium (31 B.c.) Augustus made Achaea an independent province comprising, besides the southern part of Greece, Euboea and most of the Cyclades, the latter remaining so attached till the third century when they were connected with the newly established " island eparchy." When the provinces were divided into senatorial and imperial, Greece was allotted to the senate. Tiberius united it again with Macedonia, but under Claudius in 44 a.d. the former order was reestablished. During the period 44-67 a.d., when Christianity took root in Achaea, it was a senatorial province and was governed by proconsuls, assisted by a legate and questor. They had the command of the provincial army and jurisdiction in criminal and civil affairs. One of the best-known proconsuls was Gallio (Acts xviii. 12) or Lucius Annaeus Novatus, son of Marcus Annaeus Seneca the elder and elder brother of the famous Seneca. Having been adopted by Lucius Junius Gallio, he took the name Junius Gallio. The date of Gallio's proconsulate in Achaea is very doubtful and no dependence can be placed on mention of him as a basis for the chronology of Paul's life. More important, however, is his attitude toward the tumults caused by Paul's preaching. The Jews of Corinth accused Paul not of political offense, as did those of Thessalonica (Acts xvii. 7), but of preaching a new religion "contrary to the law" (Acts xviii. 13) — no doubt the Mosaic law, not the Roman. Gallio was free to interfere or let the matter drop; the important point was whether the apostasy from Judaism was proven and the new religion appeared important or dangerous. Since the Jews were divided among themselves, Gallio considered the whole matter a quarrel of the Jews especially as there was no qnestion of "wrong or wicked lewdness" (Acts xviii. 14-16). Gallio's disposition to hear the Jews in case of a wrong indicates that at Corinth, as elsewhere, the Jews had no jurisdiction in criminal matters. As a whole the Greek cities had certain liberties under the Roman administration. Some enjoyed an especially favored position, being treated as civitates feeder -atm.
The condition of the land at the time of Strabo's
visit in 29 B.C. was deplorable. Under Roman sway
the situation gradually improved, but even in the
Apostolic Age the condition was unfortunate. It is
especially suggestive that in his mis-
2. Paul at sionary journey between Berea and
Athens. Athens Paul found no opportunity
for a longer stay or for missionary
effort. At all events, Athens was the first point
which he considered promising as a missionary field.
In Paul's time Athens had risen in importance. In
spite of its decay, it was revered by the Romans and
the entire Hellenistic world, and had a powerful
attraction for the educated. Many cultivated Ro-
Greece Green