THE NEW 8CHAFF-HERZ0G
sequently, the will of what is good. In reality, however, whenever he aims to insure the doing of what is good, he virtually assumes that his readers or hearers do not do so out of love, the predominating motive being "the fear of eternal pain." He is always guarding against the contingency that the acceptance of forgiveness may result in a relaxation of the fight against sin; so that he not only requires the Church to intermingle hope and fear for its believers; but also stresses his conviction that ''no sin is forgiven without punishment." If man will not punish himself, God will punish. On one occasion, to be sure, he can say: "Certainly God has no joy in our suffering; he simply cures our sin-sickness by means of corresponding remedies.'' But if he then declares that "upon sinful pleasure there must follow the bitterness of tears; upon unrestraint in what is disallowed, restraint from what is allowed"; this, in turn, he can call "a satisfaction for the Creator," a "sacrifice to cancel guilt." If Gregory's exaltation of the contemplative life above the secular be borne in mind, and if to all this there be added the consideration that the idea of intercession is already so great a factor in his life, while not only Christ but also the angels and saints are recommended as interceding protectors; it becomes clear that the type of Christianity which finds expression in Gregory's writings became the religion of the Middle Ages, and underwent but little further development.
Gregory died on Mar. 11, 604. The Church received him into the number of her saints, and honored him by the title of "the Great." His earnest monastic piety; his restless toiling for Gregory's the extension and strengthening of the Character faith, for the elevation of morals, for and Influ- union of the various churches with ence. the see of Rome; and the justice and gentleness, energy and patience that he showed — all this makes him one of the noblest representatives of the papacy. If, notwithstanding his defects of actual scholarship and original thoughts, he has been reckoned one of the four great doctors of the Western Church, the explanation is, on the one hand, the comparative power of even a dim light in a dark age; on the other hand, the fact that the age succeeding him found the dwarfed type of Christianity which he transmitted fully satisfactory. Wilhelm Walther.
Bibliography: Lists of literature will be found in Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 539-540, 1349-50. The Opera are collected in MPL, lxxv.-lxxix. His Dialogorum libri quatuor, ed. W. Forster, appeared Halle, 1876 (the best). The most worthy edition of his Epistles is by P. Ewald and L. Hartmann, 2 vols., Berlin, 1887-99. His Decretals are in the Bullarium magnum Romanum, ed. A. Tomassetti, i. 159-160, Turin, 1857; and his Hymns in H. A. Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus, i. 175 sqq., Halle, 1841; King Alfred's Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed. H. Sweet, appeared London, 1871. Parts of the Works, transl. by J. Barmby, are in Fathers for English Readers, London, 1878, and by the same person his Pastoral Rule and Selected Epistles, with Introductory Notes and Indices, in NPNF, 2d ser., vol. xii. Interesting issues are: The Dialogues of S. Gregorie, Paris, 1608, ed. H. J. Coleridge, London, 1872; and The Life and Miracles of S. Benedict, from an old Version by P. W., Paris, 1608, ed. F. J. Luck, ib. 1880. An Eng. transl. of the Morals on the Book of Job, 3 vols., ed. E. B. Pusey, appeared in the Lives of the
Fathers, London, 1838, and selection from the Dialogues ib. 1901.
The sources for a life are: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 143 sqq., Paris, 1886, and ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 160-162; the Vita by Paulus Diaconus, in MPL, lxxv. 41 sqq., and that by Johannes Diaconus, ib. pp. 63 sqq.; Paulus Diaconus Hist. Langobardorum, iii. 24-25, and iv. 5, ed. Waitz in MGH, Script, rer. Langob., i (1878), 12-187; Gregory of Tours, Hist. Francorum, x. 1-2, ed. Waitz in MGH Script, rer. Merov., i (1885), 1-450; Bede, Hist, eccl , i' 22-23, ii. 1-3, v. 25; Jaff£, Regesta, i. 443 sqq.; P. Ewa'ld^ Die alteste Biographie Gregors I., in G. Waitz, Historische Aufsatze, Hanover, 1886.
Modern treatises on the subject are: G. Lau, Gregor I., Leipsic, 1845; E. Clausier, S. Gregoire, 3 vols., Paris, 1889- 1890; T. Bonsmann, Gregor I. der Grosse, Paderborn, 1890; A. Snow, St. Gregory, his Works and his Spirit, London, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 35- 99, ib. 1894; C. Wolfsgruber, Gregor der Grosse, Saulgrau, 1897; F. H. Dudden, Gregory the Great, 2 vols., London, 1905 (critical and independent); Mann, Popes, i. 1-250 (his letters to Leontia and Phocas, pp. 419-424); Ceillier Auteurs sacres, xi. 429-587, cf. Index; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 112-119, 141-151 et passim, consult Index (very full and varied discussion); Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 211-229; Bower, Popes, i. 390-424; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 42-88; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregaiionen, i. 104 sqq.; Rettberg, KD, ii. 584; Hauck, KD, i. 425 sqq. et passim; DCB, ii. 779-791; much of the literature given under Augustine (Austin), Saint, bears on this subject.
For treatment of various phases of Gregory's activities consult: P. Gams, Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, ii., part 2, Regensburg, 1862; L. Pingaud, La Politique de S. Gregoire, Paris, 1872; Grisar, in ZKT, i (1877), 321 sqq., 526 sqq., xiv., 1890; T. Wollschack, Die Verhaltnisse Italiens . . . nach dem Briefwechsel Gregors I., Horn, 1888; W. Weisbaum, Die wichtigsten Richtungen und Ziele der Thatigkeit des Papstes Gregor, Bonn, 1884; F. Gorres, in ZWT, xxix (1886), 36 sqq.; H. Gelzer, in JPT, xiii (1887), 549 sqq.; L. M. Hartmann, Untersuchung zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Verwaltung in Italien, Leipsic, 1889; F. W Kellett, Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with Gaul, Cambridge, 1889; E. Bassenge, Die Sendung Augustins zur Bekehrung der Angelsachsen, Leipsic, 1890; R. Heinrichs, in Katholik, 1894, pp. 12 sqq.; The Mission of St. Augustine to England according to the Original Documents, Cambridge, 1897; F. H. Dudden, Gregory the Great, his Place in Hist, and Thought, London, 1905.
On his writings: A. Ebert, Geschichte der christlichlateinischen Literatur, pp. 516 sqq., Leipsic, 1874. On his liturgical influence: W. Hohaus, Die Bedeutung Gregors als liturgischer Schriftsteller, Glatz, 1889; F. A. Gevaert, Les Origines du chant lilurgique de I'eglise latine, Ghent, 1890; G. Morin, Les Veritables Origines du chant Gregorien, Abbaye de Maredsous, 1890; Grisar, in ZKT, xiv (1890), ^7 sqq.; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 469- 470. On his sign... ance as a theologian: G. F. Wiggers, in ZHT, 1854, pp. 7-42; C. E. Luthardt, Die Lehre vom freien Willen, p. 53, Leipsic, 1863; J. NirschI, Lehrbuch der Patrologie und Patristik, iii. 533 sqq., Mainz, 1885; F. Loofs, Leitfaden zum Studium der Dogmengeschichie, pp. 244 sqq., Halle, 1893; R. Seeberg, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, ii. 1 sqq., Leipsic, 1898; Harnack, Dogma, iii.-vi. passim.
Gregory II. : Pope 715-731. A Roman by birth, he was destined from childhood for the ecclesiastical state. Under Sergius I. (687-701) he became a subdeacon, and was made treasurer and librarian of the Roman Church. He accompanied Constantine I. (q.v.) on his journey (709-711) to the Byzantine court, and is said to have made his mark in the discussions there. He was elected pope May 19, 715. His pontificate was marked by the beginning of the great conflict between the Roman see and the Lombards, which ended in the downfall of the Lombard kingdom; by his controversy with the iconoclastic Emperor Leo III.; and by his rela-