THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOO
fessor of Biblical exegesis in the following year. He was public examiner at the University of Cambridge in 1898-99, and has been prodean of the faculty of theology in the University of London and a member of the board of theological studies since 1901, as well as examiner in Hebrew, Greek Testament, and Aramaic since 1903 and in ecclesiastical history since 1905. In theology he belongs to the Evangelical school of the Church of England. He has written Short Commentary on Lamentations (Hertford, 1893); Marginal References to the Revised Version (Oxford, 1898); Forms of Absolution (London, 1901); and Commentary on Micah (1903), in addition to translating the Targum on Lamentations (Sheffield, 1893) and editing the commentary of Tobiah ben Eliezer on the same book (Hertford, 1896).
GREENWOOD, JOHN: English Separatist; he studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (B.A., 1581), and took orders in the Church of England, but in 1586 was arrested for holding a private conventicle in London. He was released, again arrested, and held in prison for more than four years. In 1592, with Francis Johnson (q.v.), he organized the first society of the Separatists in London and became its "teacher." He was arrested Dec, 1592, tried and condemned with his friend, Henry Barrow (q.v.), for publishing seditious books, and the two were hanged at Tyburn Apr. 6, 1593. He wrote several works, most of them in collaboration with Barrow.
Bibliography: H. M. Dexter, Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years, New York, 1880; W. Walker, Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism, p. 30, n. 1, New York, 1893; DNB, xxiii. 84-85.
GREER, DAVID HUMMELL: Protestant Episcopal bishop of New York; b. at Wheeling, W Va., Mar. 20, 1844. He was educated at Washington College, Pa. (A.B., 1862), and the Gambier Theological Seminary, Gambier, O. (1866). He was rector of Grace Church, Providence, R. I., 1871-88, and of St. Bartholomew's, New York City, 1888- 1904. In 1904 he was consecrated bishop coadjutor of New York, becoming bishop in 1908. He has written The Historic Christ (New York, 1890); From Things to God (1893); The Preacher and his Place (1895); and Visions (1898).
GREGG, DAVID: Presbyterian; b. at Pittsburg, Pa., Mar. 25, 1846. He was educated at Washington and Jefferson College (A.B., 1865) and the Theological Seminary at Alleghany, Pa. (1868), after which he held pastorates at the Third Reformed Presbyterian Church, New York City (1870-87), Park Street Congregational Church, Boston (1887- 1890), and Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn (1890-1904). Since 1904 he has been president of Western Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa. He has written: From Solomon to the Captivity (New York, 1890); Studies in John (1891); Our Best Moods (1893); The Heaven Life (1895); The Testimony of the Law to the Book (1895); Makers of the American Republic (1896); Ideal Young Men and Women (1897); Facts that call for Faith (1898); Things of Northfield and other Things (1899); New Epistles from Old Lands (1899); The Dictum of
Reason on Man's Immortality (1902); Individual Prayer as a Working Force (Chicago, 1903); and Between the Testaments (1907).
GREGOIRE, gre"gwor', HENRI: French ecclesiastic; b. at Veho (a village just e. of Luneville) Dec. 4, 1750; d. at Auteuil, Paris, Dec. 28, 1831. He was brought up in the Jesuit college at Nancy, taught for a while in the Jesuit school at Pont-au- Mousson, and was then vicar and finally priest at Embermenil (3 m. n. of Veho) until 1789 or 1791. The clergy of the district of Nancy sent him to the Assembly of 1789, and until 1814, with trifling interruptions, he was a member of various legislative bodies, being at the same time bishop of Blois from 1791 until 1801. After 1814 be busied himself with learned researches.
As a priest he was the first to take the oath demanded by the Constituent Assembly (Dec. 27, 1790). Out of two bishoprics to which he was elected he chose Loire-et-Cher or Blois and served faithfully there for ten years, but, on the signing of the Concordat (q.v.) in 1801, was forced by the Ultramontanes to leave. Nevertheless, in spite of all attacks he continued to wear his bishop's robe in the Convention and on the street, and read mass at home daily.
As a statesman he was at times secretary or president of the assemblies, or chairman of important committees. The Legislative Body which had made him its president chose him senator three times, thus forcing Napoleon to confirm him. In 1819 France was roused by his election as representative of the department of Isere, but the Chamber refused to let him take his seat.
As a philanthropist he stood ahead of his day. His book on the Jews took a prize in 1788, and today the Jews hold his name in honor. He combated slavery with vigor. In the Convention he did much for commerce and trade, and for schools and libraries. His report on bibliography was often reprinted (at late as 1873). The French Institute was his creation.
As a writer he treated of the Jews (Paris, 1789), Port Royal (1801), theophilanthropy (1806), negro literature (1808), history of religious sects (2 vols., 1814; 6 vols., 1828), Gallican liberties (1818), Christianity and women (1821), history of confessors of emperors (1824), marriage of priests in France (1828), Memoires (1837). Many of his books were translated into foreign languages.
The archbishop of Paris refused him extreme unction, because Gregoire refused to retract his oath of Dec. 27, 1790; but Abbe Guillon served him as confessor and gave him the last rites.
Caspar Rene Gregory.
Bibliography: His own Memoires, ed. H. Camot with a biographical notice, appeared in 2 vols., Paris, 1839. Consult: G. Kriiger, Heinrich Gregoire, Bischof von Blois, Leipsic, 1838; P. Bohringer, Gregoire, ein Lebensbild, Basel, 1878; ^A. Debidour, L'Abbe Grigoire, Nantes, 1881; H. Carnot, 'Elude sur Vabbi Gregoire, Paris, 1882; Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 728-731; W. H. Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution, passim, London, 1882 (well worth consulting).
GREGORIAN CHANT. See Music, Sacred, II., 1, §2.