THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: His Epistola are in MPL, cvi. Consult: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 73-85, Paris, 1892; Einhard, Annates, ed. Pertz in MGH, Script., i (1826), 135-218; Theganus, Vita Hludowici, chaps, xli., xlviii., lvi., ed. Pertz in MGH, Script., ii (1829), 585-603; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Piipste, i. 339-349, Elberfeld, 1868; B. Simson, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Ludwig dem Frommen, i. 2S5-2S6, ii. 32-61, 164 sqq., Leipsic, 1S76; J. Langen, Geschichte der riimischen Kirche, i. 816-822, Bonn, 1SS5; M. Heimbucher, Papstwahlen unter den Karolingern, pp. 144-14S, Augsburg, 1889; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 65-81, London, 1895; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 277 et passim; Bower, Popes, ii. 209-314; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 540-541; Hauck, KD, ii. 458-470.
Gregory V. (Bruno of Carinthia): Pope 996-999. He was a great-grandson of Otto the Great and uncle of the later emperor, Conrad II.; and this relationship, together with his German education, accounts for his partial subserviency to the views then prevalent at the imperial court. Under the influence, however, of the old curial traditions, he took the papal standpoint in the strife about the see of Reims (see Sylvester II., Pope), and at a synod at Pavia in the spring of 997 suspended all the French bishops who had taken a part in Arnulf's deposition, and declared energetically in favor of his restoration. He took strong moral ground also against the uncanonical marriage of Robert of France and against simony. Toward the end of 996 he was driven from Rome by Crescentius, the leader of the Roman nobles, who the next year set up John, archbishop of Piacenza, formerly the tutor of Otto III., as antipope (see John XVI.). In Feb., 998, Gregory was forcibly restored by Otto, after which he was wholly dependent upon the imperial power. At his death (Feb. 18, 999) the papacy was more dependent on the crown than at any time since the restoration of the Empire by Otto the Great. (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 261, Paris, 1892; Vita Nili, in ASB, Sept., vii. 336; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 489-495; Annates Hildesheimenses, ed. Pertz in MGH, Script., iii. (1839) 18-22, 42-70, 90-112; Annates Quedlinburgenses, in the same, pp. 22—69, 72—90 Theitmar, Chronicon, IV xxvii., xxx., xliii.-xliv., ed. Pertz in MGH, Script., iii. (1839) 723-781; R. Baxmann. Die Politik der Papste, ii. 147-159, Elberfeld, 1869 J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 381-387 Bonn, 1892; Hauck, KD, iii. 259-264, 559; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 410-462, London, 1895 Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 292, 294-295; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 374; Bower, Popes, ii. 329-331 J. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, pp. 235-236 et passim, New York, 1904.
Gregory VI.: Antipope 1012. He was set up by the Crescentian party as antipope to Benedict VIII. (q.v.), who was elevated by the Tusculan party in 1012. Being compelled to flee from Rome, he betook himself to Germany, to King Henry II., but was by him constrained to lay down the papal dignity. What became of him is not known.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Thietmar, Chronicon, vi. 61, ed. Pertz in MGH, Script., iii. (1839); Jaffe, Regesta, i. 514; S. Hirsch, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich II., ii. 385, 390-391; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 14, London, 1896; P. G. Wappler, Papst Benedict VIII., pp. 15, 19, 22, Leipsic, 1897.
Gregory VI. (Johannes Gratianus): Pope 1045-46. While archpriest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina,
he bought the papal dignity from Pope Benedict IX. by a written contract dated May 1, 1045, for the sum of 1,000 (or 2,000) pounds silver. It is probable that this downright simony was not publicly known at the outset, for Peter Damian (q.v.) enthusiastically congratulated Gregory on his elevation. Gregory's personal reputation in Rome was good and he also secured recognition abroad. However, when it became notorious in what way he had risen to the papacy, his continuance in the office was impossible. Benedict had reaffirmed his claim to the papacy and John, bishop of Sabina, was also trying to reign as Sylvester III. To remove the scandal of three popes and terminate the impossible situation, the Emperor Henry III. made his appearance in Italy in the autumn of 1046. Gregory was deposed at a synod at Sutri, Dec. 20, 1046, or perhaps, for the sake of form, he was forced to depose himself. He was exiled as state prisoner to Germany— probably to Cologne, where he appears to have died about the beginning of 1048. See Benedict IX. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Jafte, Regesta, i. 524-525, ii. 709; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii. 199 sqq., Elberfeld, 1869; E. Steindorff, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III., vols, i.-ii., Leipsic, 1874-81; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, vol. iii., Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., pp. 241, 361, 571 sqq., Leipsic, 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 50-55, London, 1896; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iv. 707 sqq.; Hauck, KD, 570-579, 583-590; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 377, 380; Bower, Popes, ii. 341; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 231-233.
Gregory VII. (Hildebrand): Pope 1073-85; one of the greatest of popes and preeminently the representative of their claims to temporal power. He was born in Tuscany probably near the beginning of the third decade of the eleventh century. Raovacum (Rovacum) is given as the place of his birth. His father (Bunicus or Bo- Education, nizo) appears to have been of humble Services station. The son went to Rome in to Leo IX., his early years and received his educa- Victor II., tion at a school of the Lateran. When and Stephen Henry III. of Germany, after the synod IX., 1048- of Sutri (1046), took Gregory VI. to 1058. Germany with him (see Gregory VI.), Hildebrand attended Gregory into exile, and thus by personal observation learned to know the land which was destined more than any other to influence his future policy. Thanks to Bishop Bruno of Toul, who in 1048 succeeded Pope Damasus II. as Leo IX., Hildebrand was brought back to Rome; although at that time he intended to spend the rest of his life as a monk. He appears, indeed, to have made profession in Rome, whether before or after the visit to Germany must be left an unsettled question. Leo IX. ordained Hildebrand subdeacon (1049), appointed him "ceconomus" of the Roman Church, assigned to him the direction of St. Paul's monastery at Rome, and in 1054 employed him as legate in France. Victor II. also showed appreciation of him, both admitting him to the papal chancery and also sending him as envoy to France. When Stephen IX. found it desirable to have the acquiescence of the Empress Agnes in his election, he committed this