RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gregory VII. -VIII.
had assumed very subtle forms, having grown to be an established custom, and finding a certain support in ecclesiastical usage itself. Lastly, it is significant in respect to Gregory's administrative policy that he sought to centralize the entire government of the Church in Rome. The power of the bishops was restricted, and the metropolitans were kept in submission by oaths of obedience and the bestowal of the pallium.
Prominent among Gregory's partizans and auxiliaries were the Countess Beatrix of Tuscany, her daughter the Countess Matilda, and the Empress Agnes. Among the high clergy, he was supported preeminently by Bishop Altmann of Passau, and by Archbishops Gebhard of Salzburg, Hugo of Die, and Lanfranc of Canterbury.
The importance of Gregory VII. in the history of the Church is due to the fact that he elaborated
and realized, with logical acuteness
Gregory's and consistency, the ideal of the pa-i
Importance, pacy as a political power. He exertedi
radical influence on the canon law in its formative period, both by virtue of his own legislative activity and also through the digests that were compiled at his instigation. Furthermore, he brought it about that thenceforward the continence of priests occupies front rank among the obligations of their vocation. Not one of the requirements emphasized by Gregory was absolutely new; but he has the merit of having given the papal ideal its classic definition, and of having made the catholic Church of the West, Roman Catholic. His name was admitted by Gregory XIII. , in 1584, into the Martyr ologium Romanum; and Paul V. canonized him in 1606. The passage concerning him in the Breviarium Romanum under May 25 contains a glorification of the papal power over princes and countries, which, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, led to prohibitive measures in several Roman Catholic States.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Lists of literature may be found in F. Cerroti, Bibliografia di Roma, i. 295-303, Rome, 1893; U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen dge, pp. 924 sqq., Paris, 1877 and Supplement, 2621-22, ib. 188S; Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 541-542, 1350-52; Hauck-Herzog, RE, vii. 96-99.
Sources for a history are Gregory's Regislrum and Epistolat collects, best given by Jaff^ in Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, vol. ii., Monumenta Gregoriana, Berlin, 1865, cf. Jaffe, Regesta, i. 594-649, ii. 751; Berthold, Annates, Bernold, Chronicon, Lambert Hersfeldensis, Annates, Bruno, De hello Saxonico, all ed. Pertz, in MGH, Script., vol. v., 1844; Sigebert, Chronographia, ib., vol. vi., 1844; Hugo Flaviniacensis, Chronicon, ib., vol. viii., 1848; Paul von Bernried, Vita Gregorii VII., in J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitas, i. 174-176, Leipsic, 1862 (cf. on it J. Greving, Pauls von Bernried Vita Gregorii VII., Minister, 1893); and the polemical literature collected in MGH, Lib. de lite, vols, i.-iii., 1890-97 (cf. on its value G. Meyer von Knonau, in Theologische Zeitschrift aus der Schweiz, xiv., 1897, pp. 130-139). A series of documents of the first importance for the period are given in C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichle des Papsttums, pp. 100-113, Tubingen, 1901; Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 134-159; Henderson, Documents, pp. 208- 211, 375-404; Reich, Documents, pp. 156-161, 300-301; and consult Robinson, European History, pp. 266-293.
For his life and activity in general consult: J. W. Bowden, Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII., 2 vols., London, 1840; J. Voigt, Hildebrand ate Papst . . und sein Zeitaller, Veimar, 1846; A. F. Gfrorer, Papst Gregorius VII.
und sein Zeitalter, 8 vols., Schaffhausen, 1859-64; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, vol. ii., Elberfeld, 1869; A. V. Villemain, Life of Gregory VII., 3 vols., London, 1874; E. Steindorff, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III., 2 vols., Leipsic, 1874-81; W. Martens, Gregor VII., sein Leben und Wirken, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1894; O. Delarc, S. Gregoire et la reforme de I'eglise au xi. siecle, 3 vols., Paris, 1889-90; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V., i. 1056-59, ii. 1070-77, Leipsic, 1890-94; J. von Dollinger, Das Papstthum, ed. J. Friedrich, Munich, 1892; J. Langen, Geschichle der rbmischen Kirche, vols, iii.-iv., Bonn, 1892-93; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes from Gregory VII. to Paul II., ed. W Benham,
London, 1893; E. Emerton, Mediaeval Europe, 814-1300, PP. 232-269, Boston, 1894; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., Leipsic, 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 171-256, London, 1896; M. R. Vincent, The Age of Hildebrand, New York, 1896; E. F. Henderson, Short Hist, of Germany, pp. 58-75, 183- 227, New York, 1902; J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, passim, New York, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v.; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 379-399, iv. 82- 100 et passim; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 393 et passim, v. 1, pp, 7-64; Hauck, KD, iii. 753-838 et passim; Harnack, Dogma, vi. 4 et passim; Bower, Popes, ii. 377- 410; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 353-496.
On Gregory's earlier life: W. Martens, War Gregor VII. Mbncht Danzig, 1891; idem, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Gbrresgesellschaft, xvi (1895), 274-282; U. Berliere, in Revue Benedictine, x (1893), 337-347.
On the administration of church affairs consult: G. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, vol. vii., Kiel, 1876; O. Meltzer, Papst Gregor VII. und die Bischofswahlen, Dresden, 1876; P. Krollick, Die Klosterchronik von St. Hubert und der Investilurkampf im Bistum Luttich, Berlin, 1884; F. O. Voigt, Die Klosterpolitik der salischen Kaiser und Konige, Leipsic, 1888; A. Gauchie, La Querelle des investitures dans les dioceses de Liege et de Cambrai, Louvain, 1890-91; P. Imbart de la Tour, Les Elections episcopates dans I'eglise de France du x. au xii. siecle, Paris, 1894; J. H. Ramsay, The Foundations of England, ii. 109 sqq., London, 1898. And on fundamentals of church policy: O. Gierke, Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, vol. iii., Berlin, 1881; C. Mirbt, Die Stellung Augustins in der Publizistik des gregorianischen Kirchenstreits, Leipsic, 1888; J. B. Sagmiiller, in TQ, lxxviii (1896), 577-613.
On Gregory's relations to the states of Europe: E. Engelmann, Der Anspruch der Papste an Konfirmation und Approbation bei den deutschen Kbnigswahlen, Breslau, 1886; C. Mirbt, Die Wahl Gregors VII., Marburg, 1892; P. Sander, Der Kampf Heinrichs IV und Gregors VII., Berlin, 1893; A. Pannenborg, Studien zur Geschichle der Herzogin Mathilde von Canossa, Gottingen, 1872; C. Hegel, Geschichle der Stadteverfassung von Italien, vol. ii., Leipsic, 1847; G. Hoffmann, Das Verhaltniss Gregors VII. zu Frankreich, Breslau, 1877; F. Liebermann, Anselm von Canterbury und Hugo von Lyon, pp. 156 sqq., Hanover, 1886; W. Liihe, Hugo von Die und Lyon, Legal von Gallien, Breslau, 1898; A. Huber, Geschichte Oesterreichs, i. 205, 223 sqq., Gotha, 1885; E. Freeman, Hist, of the Norman Conquest of England, vol. iv., Oxford, 1871.
Gregory VIII. (Mauritius Burdinus): Antipope 1118-21. He was archbishop of Braga in Portugal, and, having joined the cause of Henry V of Germany, was put under the ban by Pope Paschal II. at the Synod of Benevento, in Apr., 1117 (see Paschal II.). He was then set up as pope by Henry, when Gelasius II., successor elect to Paschal, took flight from Rome before receiving consecration, and was proclaimed as Gregory VIII., on Mar. 8, 1118, being ordained priest on the 9th and consecrated bishop on the 10th. He was unable to assert himself in Rome, was imprisoned by Calixtus II., and also continued in duress under Honorius II. He died after 1137
Carl Mirbt.
Gregory VIII. -X.