RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
G-rieslbach G-rindal
He has written Der achtundsechzigste Psalm erklart (Tubingen, 1883); Untersuchungen iiber die Entstehung des vierten Evangeliums, i. (1902); Die persische Mysterienreligion im romischen Reich und das Christentum (1903); and Das Primat des Petrus (1904); and has edited the Sanskrit drama of Narayana Bhatta entitled Venisamhara (Leipsic, 1871) and translated Hundert Lieder des Atharva- Veda (Stuttgart, 1889).
GRIMM, JOSEPH: German Roman Catholic; b. at Freising (20 m. n.e. of Munich) Jan. 23, 1827; d. at Wurzburg Jan. 1, 1896. He studied at the University of Munich, became a teacher in 1852, and a chaplain two years later. In 1856 he was appointed professor of Old and New Testament exegesis in the royal lyceum at Regensburg, but in 1879 was called to Wurzburg as professor of New Testament exegesis. He was the author of Die Samariter und ihre Stellung in der Weltgeschichte (Regensburg, 1854); Die Einheit des Lukasevangeliums (1863); Die Einheit der vier Evangelien (1868); Das Leben Jesu nach den trier Evangelien (5 vols., 1876-85); and Das alte Israel und die bildenden Kilnste (1889).
Bibliography: H. Schell and A. Ehrhard, Gedenk-Blatter zu Ehren des Dr. Joseph Grimm, Wurzburg, 1897.
GRIMM, KARL LUDWIG WILIBALD: Professor of theology at Jena; b. at Jena Nov. 1, 1807; d. there Feb. 22, 1891. He studied from 1827 to 1831 at Jena, where he became privat-docent in 1833. He was appointed extraordinary professor in 1837, and honorary professor in 1844. Most of his life was spent at Jena, where he labored (church councilor from 1871, privy church councilor 1885) until, in 1888, at the age of eighty-one, he lost his eyesight. His was the quiet life of a scholar, reverenced by his many pupils as prceceptor Thuringioe.
Grimm's field of labor was the New Testament, although he also treated in his lectures theological encyclopedia (cf. ZWT, xxv., 1882, pp. 1-24), symbolics, and dogmatics — the latter on the basis of his Institutio theologies dogmaticce (Jena, 1848; 2d ed., 1869), which was composed in excellent Latin. Grimm broke his work up into various essays, which he published in periodicals, treating, in part, historical and critical questions of isagogics, in part, again, in an exegetical way, detached Biblical passages. His two principal works are the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des Alten Testaments, in collaboration with O. F. Fritzsche, for which he prepared the Books of the Maccabees (Leipsic, 1853-57) and Wisdom (1860; cf. ZWT, xvii., 1874, pp. 231-238; xix., 1876, pp. 121-132; xxiv., 1881, pp. 38-56); and his Lexicon grozco-latinum in libros Novi Testamenti (Leipsic, 1867, 1878, 1888), which he prepared on the basis of Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti philologica (Eng. transl., with valuable additions, by J. H. Thayer, New York, 1886, 1889). What the older philological labor had achieved for the New Testament is here coordinated; and although the progress of modern times calls for a New Testament lexicon upon totally new foundations, Grimm's work will always retain an honorable place in the history of sacred philology (cf. Grimm's Kri-
tisch-historische Uebersicht der neutestamentlichen Verballexica seit der Reformation, in TSK, 1875, pp. 479-515, and 1877, pp. 512-513; also his review of Wahl's Clavis, TSK, 1858, pp. 368 sqq., and of Cremer's Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch, TSK, 1884, pp. 581-589). Grimm also took part in the revision of Luther's translation of the Bible (cf. his Lutherbibel und ihre Textesrevision, Berlin, 1874; Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Lutherischen Bibelubersetzung, Jena, 1884; ZWT, xv., 1872, pp. 521-528; TSK, 1883, pp. 375-400). His theological standpoint was one of circumspect supernaturalism, while all his works were characterized by great painstaking, breadth of scholarship, and rare philological acumen. E. von Dobschutz.
Bibliography: Protestantische Kirchenzeilung, 1883, nos. 19-20, 1891, nos. 9-10; H. J. Holtzmann, Einleitung in das N. T., passim, Freiburg, 1892.
GRIMME, HUBERT: Swiss lay Orientalist; b. at Paderborn (75 m. n.e. of Elberfeld), Germany, Jan. 24, 1864. He was educated at the University of Berlin (Ph. D., 1887), and, after teaching at the real-school of Lippstadt in 1888-89, accepted a call to the newly founded University of Freiburg as privat-docent. Since 1892 he has been full professor of Semitic languages and literatures in the same institution. He has written Mohammed (2 vols., Milnster, 1892-95); Grundziige der hebrdischen Akzent- und Vokallehre (Freiburg, 1896); Psalmenprobleme (1902); Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens (Munich, 1904); and Das israelitische Pfingstfest und der Plejadenkult, Paderborn, 1907.
GRINDAL, EDMUND: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. near St. Bees (26 m. s.w. of Carlisle), Cumberland, c. 1519; d. at Croydon (10 m. s. of London Bridge) July 6, 1583. He was educated at Magdalen College, Christ's College, and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge (B.A., 1538; M.A., 1541, D.D., 1564), where he was made a fellow in 1538, proctor of the university in 1548, and Lady Margaret's preacher in 1549. He was selected to argue on the Protestant side in one of the disputations held at Cambridge in 1549 and was afterward employed in such disputations elsewhere. In 1850 he became chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, in 1551 precentor of St. Paul's and chaplain to Edward VI., and in 1552 prebendary of Westminster. On the accession of Queen Mary he abandoned his preferments and took refuge in Germany, spending his exile at Strasburg, Wasselheim, Speyer, and Frankfort. He returned to London in Jan., 1559, took part in revising the liturgy, and also in the disputation held at Westminster to silence the Roman divines. In July, 1559, he was elected master of Pembroke Hall, and in the same month bishop of London. His sympathy for the Puritans unfitted him for the government of the diocese of London, the main stronghold of Puritanism, and in 1570, through the influence of Archbishop Parker, he was translated to the see of York. Early in 1576, when Queen Elizabeth was temporarily leaning toward Puritanism, Grindal succeeded Parker as archbishop of Canterbury; but immediately after his elevation Elizabeth, who
Griswold Groningren