THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
those of his brother, were decidedly different from those they encountered, as he maintained the infallibility and plenary inspiration of the book. By his presentation of these views he won converts, among whom were Merle d'Aubigne, Malan, and Gaussen, who exerted a profound influence on their countrymen, and introduced Evangelical theology in rationalistic circles. He died in Edinburgh Dec. 12, 1S42, and his brother in that city on Feb. 8, 1851. Both brothers were writers upon controversial topics. But the books of Robert were much more ambitious. They are probably not read at all to-day, and present views that, even in conservative circles, are now not held, but which in their day attracted attention. The titles of the tracts, pamphlets and volumes of these brothers constitute a record of the topics which interested such religious persons as Edward Irving, Thomas Erskine of Linlathen, and John McLeod Campbell of Row. Of a less personal nature was the strenuous and successful effort to exclude the Apocrypha from the Bibles issued by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Such were the controversies in which these brothers took part, always on the side of the narrowest Evangelical position. Robert's Exposition of Romans (3 vols., London, 1852), and James's Exposition of Galatians (Edinburgh, 1848) give their views in their most mature forms.
Bibliography: A. Haldane, Memoirs of the Lives of R. Haldane, of Airthrey, and of his Brother James Alexander Haldane, London and New York, 1852.
HALE, CHARLES REUBEN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Cairo, 111.; b. at Lewiston, Pa., Mar. 14, 1837; d. at Cairo, 111., Dec. 25, 1900. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (A.B., 1858), was ordered deacon in 1860, and advanced to the priesthood in the following year. After being curate of Christ Church, Germantown, Pa., and of All Saints', Lower Dublin, Pa. (1861-63), he was chaplain in the United States Navy until 1870, being also professor of mathematics in the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., for a part of this time. He was then rector of St. John's, Auburn, N. Y. (1871-73), a missionary among the Italians of New York City (1873-75), rector of St. Mary the Virgin's, Baltimore, Md. (1875-76), curate of St. Paul's in the same city (1877-85), and dean of Grace Cathedral, Davenport, la. (1886-92). In 1892 he was consecrated bishop of Cairo (coadjutor to the bishop of Springfield). He took a prominent part in the negotiations of the Protestant Episcopal Church with the Orthodox Greek Church and the Old Catholics. He wrote:
List of the Sees and Bishops of the Holy Eastern Church (Philadelphia, 1870); List of all the Sees and Bishops of the Holy Orthodox Church of the East (New York, 1872); An Eastern View of the Bonn Conference (Utica, N. Y., 1876); The Mozarabic Liturgy and the Mexican Branch of the Catholic Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Militant upon Earth (New York, 1876); Innocent of Moscow, the Apostle of Kamchatka and Alaska (1877); Russian Missions in China and Japan (1878); An Order for the Holy Communion, Arranged from the Mozarabic Liturgy (Baltimore, 1879); An Office for Holy Baptism, Arranged from the Mozarabic and Cognate Sources (1879); Mozarabic Collects, Translated and Arranged from the Ancient Liturgy of the Spanish Church (New York, 1881); The Universal Episcopate: A List of the Sees and Bishops in the Holy Catholic Church throughout the World (Baltimore, 1882); The Eucharistic Office of the Christian
Catholic Church of Switzerland, Translated, and Compared with that in the Missale Romanum (New York, 1882); A Visit to the Eastern Churches in the Interest of Church Unity (1886); and Missionary Relations between the Anglican and the Eastern Churches (1894).
Bibliography: W S. Perry, The Episcopate in America p. 339, New York, 1895.
HALE, EDWARD EVERETT: Unitarian; b. at Boston Apr. 3, 1822; d. at Roxbury, Mass., June 10, 1909. He was educated at Harvard College (A.B., 1839), studied theology privately and was ordained to the Unitarian ministry in 1846. From that year until 1856 he was minister of the Church of the Unity, Worcester, Mass., and from 1856 to 1899 was minister of the South Congregational (Unitarian) Church, Boston, retiring as pastor emeritus. He was chaplain of the United States Senate for many years, and also prominent in general philanthropic work. He edited Library of Inspiration and Achievement (10 vols., New York 1905), while among his numerous writings particular note may be made of his Man without a Country (Boston, 1861); Ten Times One is Ten (1870); In His Name (1874); What Career? (1878); If Jesus came to Boston (1895); Memories of a Hundred Years (New York, 1902); and Prayers in the United States Senate (Boston, 1904). He wrote also several works on historical subjects, and published a number of volumes of sermons. His collected works appeared in ten volumes at Boston in 1898-1900.
HALE, SIR MATTHEW: Lord Chief Justice of England; b. at Alderley (15 m. n.e. of Bristol), Gloucestershire, Nov. 1, 1609; d. there Dec. 25, 1676. Left an orphan at the age of five he was placed under the care of the Puritan vicar of Wotton-under-Edge. In 1626 he matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, with a view to taking orders, but soon devoted himself to law, and in Sept., 1628, entered Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the bar in 1636 and quickly attained eminence in his profession. He was one of Laud's counsel on the archbishop's impeachment in 1643. Having adopted Pomponius Atticus as his model he sought to maintain a position of strict neutrality during the civil war, but after the execution of Charles I. he threw in his lot with the commonwealth. He was justice of common pleas 1654-58, and member of parliament for Gloucester 1654-55, and for the University of Oxford 1659-60. In the convention parliament, which met in Apr., 1660, he sat again for Gloucester and took an active part in the restoration of Charles II., by whom he was knighted Jan. 30, 1661. He was lord chief baron 1660-71, and lord chief justice from May 18, 1671, till Feb. 20, 1676, when, on account of failing health, he surrendered his office to the king in person. At the time of the Savoy Conference he wished to see the Presbyterians comprehended in the Church, and later he showed his sympathy for dissenters by his lenient administration of the Conventicle Acts, and also by an attempt made with Sir Orlando Bridgeman in 1668 to bring about the comprehension of the more moderate. He was on intimate terms with Baxter, Stillingfleet, and other celebrated divines.
Hale's rank as a lawyer and judge, and as a Christian, is of the highest. That he condemned