RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Eaimo Haldane
lor, Ainu of Japan, pp. 149, 168, New York, 1892; E. S. Hartland, Legend of Perseus, ii. 66 sqq., 215 sqq., London, 1895; Zend-Avesta, Vendidad, Fargard xvii., in SBE, Am. ed., iii. 190-192; Mary H. Kingsley, West African Studies, pp. 163-165, London, 1899; J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough, 3 vols., London, 1900 (consult Index); E. Crawley, Mystic Rose, pp. 107 sqq., New York, 1902; W. H. Furness, Headhunters of Borneo, pp. 92-93, London, 1902; E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, ib. 1903.
HAITI. See West Indies.
HAITO (HATTO): Abbot of Reichenau and bishop of Basel; b. 763 ; d. at Reichenau 836. He descended from the Swabian lineage of the counts of Saulgau. In his fifth year with his brother Wadilcoz he was sent to the monastery of Reichenau, where he remained in different positions until the end of his life. He stands at the head of the group of learned men who established the scholarly fame of Reichenau in the ninth century and made it by the side of St. Gall the most important institution of training and education for the nobility of Swabia. He became principal of the monastic school at Reichenau and later abbot of Reichenau and bishop of Basel. Like Waldo, his predecessor, he enjoyed the favor of Charlemagne, and was sent to Constantinople to complete negotiations of peace with the emperor of the East. He introduced the Benedictine rule in his diocese, and it is very probable that he was the author of the so-called Murbach statutes, twenty-seven chapters of which appear in the resolutions of a synod at Aachen in 816, concerning monastic reforms, which were received into the Capitulare monasticum of 817 He is certainly the author of twenty-five chapters which formed the rule for the official conduct of the clergy of Basel. They are of historical importance, since they give an insight into the low state of education among the clergy and at the same time show the efforts of the authorities to elevate the clergy spiritually and morally and give the people a Christian education. About 820 Haito was in Rome. In 823 a severe illness compelled him to abdicate his offices and retire as a simple monk to Reichenau. His pupil Erlebald succeeded him.
(Friedrich Wiegand.) Bibliography: The Capitularia are in MGH, Leg., i (1835), 439-441, and ib., Leg., Section II., Capitularia, i (1883), 362-366; and in MPL, cv.
Sources are: Heriman, Chronicon, in MGH, Script., x (1844), 67-133; Walafrid Strabo, De visionibus Wettini, in MGH, Poetai Latini mvi Caroli, ii (1884), 267-275, 425-426; Einhard, Vita Caroli, chap, xxxiii.; and a letter from Frothar, presumably to Haito, is in MGH Epist., v (1898), 279. Consult: A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, ii. 146-152, Leipsic, 1880; Histoire litteraire de la France, iv. 523 sqq.; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 336-337, 396; Rettberg, KD, ii. 93- 96; Wattenbach, DGQ, i (1893), 268-280; Hauck, KD, ii. passim.
HALAKAH ("Norm"): The traditional oral law, embodied in sententious form, contained in the Midrash. See Midrash.
HALBERSTADT, BISHOPRIC OF : A see founded, according to Saxon tradition, by Charlemagne, who is said to have conferred it on Hildigrim, brother of Liudger of Minister. The verification of this statement depends on the decision as to the authenticity of a document of Louis the Pious relating to Halberstadt, which Rettberg and Simson
reject as forged, while Muhlbacher, with more probability, considers it merely interpolated. If this view is taken, Halberstadt was not then an episcopal see, but a collegiate church whose oversight was entrusted to a Frankish bishop. Hildigrim (d. 827) could hardly have been bishop at once of Chalons and of Halberstadt, and his brother's biography is against such a supposition. As bishop of Chalons (before 809) he exercised a general oversight of the missionary work in eastern Saxony, for which Halberstadt formed a central point. The statement of the Quedlinburg annals, under the year 781, that the church was originally founded at Osterwiek and removed later, may be true. Theotgrim (827-840) is the first who can strictly be called bishop of Halberstadt. His jurisdiction was extensive, embracing eastern Saxony from the Ocker to the Elbe and Saale, and from the Unstrut and the Harz to the Milde. Its area was considerably diminished by the foundation of new sees by Otto L, especially those of Magdeburg and Merseburg, established at the instance of Bishop Hildiward in 968. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: G. Schmidt, Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt, 4 vols., Leipsic, 1883-89; Gesla episcoporum Halberstadensium, 781-1209, ed. L. Weiland, in MGH, Script., xxiii (1874), 73-123; Gesta Alberti II. episcopiHalberstadensis, 1324-1349, ib. i. pp. 123-129; Series episcoporum Halberstadensium, ib. xv (1888), 1311-12. Consult Rettberg, KD, ii. 470 sqq.; A. Reinecke, Die Einfuhrung des Christenthums im Hartzgau im 8. Jahrhundert, Osterwiek, 1888.
HALDANE, ROBERT, and his brother JAMES ALEXANDER: Scottish leaders of Evangelical views.
1. Robert: b. in London Feb. 28, 1764; educated in Dundee and Edinburgh, entered that university; from 1780 to 1783 served as midshipman; resigned, reentered Edinburgh University for a year's study, but on attaining his majority left, made the " grand tour," married, and settled down on his ancestral estates.
2. James Alexander: b. at Dundee July 14, 1768; had a similar education, and in 1785 entered the East India Company's service and rose to be captain of one of its ships. In 1794 both brothers were converted, and with characteristic directness sought ways of serving their fellow men. Henceforth they were associated and prominent in original schemes. James left the East India Company's service, and with Edinburgh as a center, went upon preaching tours, which at the time was a novel thing for a layman to do. Robert sold his estate and devoted his large means to missionary purposes. He first proposed to found a mission in India and be himself a missionary, bearing all the expenses, but the refusal of the East India Company to give him permission for such work led him to abandon the scheme. He finally decided to open preaching places throughout Scotland and seminaries for the training of preachers, all at his expense. James became a Congregational minister in Edinburgh, over a church which Robert had built for him. In 1808 he announced himself a Baptist. In 1816 Robert went to Geneva, and later to Montauban and other places, holding parlor meetings on religion of a more fervid type than was there known. His Bible views, like
Hale
Half- Way Covenant